Glossary

This internal consent feeling is associated with a calm assurance that everything will be okay. It reflects the absence of worry or distress regarding a sexual encounter.

defined by Malachi Willis

anxiety over whether or not a person has obtained salvation, especially referring to Calvinists

defined by Jonathan Jong

Group of people drawn from a population—or larger group of people—that are recruited to participate in a research study.

defined by Malachi Willis

a mental or cognitive representation that captures general characteristics of a class of episodes, events, or individuals

defined by Hans IJzerman

Stored in long-term memory, schemas help us automatically “perceive, organize, process, and use information,” by guiding “our attention to an environment’s relevant features” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 280). For example, a schema of what an interaction with a teller at a bank should look like, helps one pay attention to only what does not fit the schema, such as unprofessional behavior by the teller.

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

the perceived relevance of others at work in the decision over whether to apply the same fairness rules to them that are applicable to us (included) or different fairness rules that are applicable to others (excluded)

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

(SPOT) is the training program developed by Professor Ekman in collaboration with Rafi Ron, former chief security officer of the Israeli Airport Authority; it has been introduced by the Transportation Safety Authority (TSA) in the US and the British Aircrafts Authority (BAA) in England; the program aims to use observational techniques to single out individuals for additional inspection based on unusual, anxious or frightened behavior exhibited by passengers at screening checkpoints

defined by Anastassia Blechko

an area within psychology that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats (social ecology), and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior

defined by Jenny C. Su

the psychological state in which attention is focused inward, on the self, rather than on external environment and stimuli

defined by Leila Selimbegović

the individual’s perception of the characteristics of the self such as physical features, personality traits, social roles, skills, goals, values and hobbies

defined by Alba Jasini

refers to a goal that is chosen because the person wants to reach it for reasons that are internal to the person; self-concordant goals are not externally motivated, the goal is not chosen because somebody else wants the person to reach it

defined by Suzanne van Gils

Emotions one feels primarily about oneself or one's actions. For example, one feels pride or shame because of one’s achievements or failures.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain an overarching reward, or avoid punishment; presumably, some (smaller) reward or punishment is operating in the short term which precludes, or reduces, the later reward or punishment

defined by Marieke van Egmond

sharing sensitive information about yourself with another person

defined by Robert Thomson

the belief that one has the capabilities to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations; unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in essence, competence), self-efficacy is the belief (whether or not accurate) that one has the power to produce that effect

defined by Silvia Barriga

an individual’s overall subjective evaluation of his or her own worth

defined by Bindal Makwana

Deliberately acting against an original plan or goal because of having a justification or an excuse to do so

defined by Liesemarie Albers

(SOQ; Noll & Fredrikson, 1998) in this questionnaire, participants have to rank 10 body attributes in order of importance to their own self-concept; half of them pertain to physical appearance, and the other half are based of physical competence; positive scores indicate greater self-objectification (i.e., greater emphasis on physical appearance rather than on physical competence)

defined by Philippe Bernard

the state of each element adjusts to the current state of other elements to which it is connected in a dynamical system consisting of inter-connected elements

defined by Jay Michaels

is perception of the self as an individual or group member (in the context of self-categorization processes)

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

refers to the self’s executive function, which makes decisions, initiates actions, and in other ways exerts control over both the self and the environment (Baumeister, 1998)

defined by Tila Pronk

refers to the internal resources available to inhibit, override or alter responses into goal-directed behaviour (Schmeichel & Baumeister, 2004)

defined by Tila Pronk

a photograph that one takes of oneself   

defined by Bindal Makwana

regulates the self in a goal-directed manner (Baumeister, 1998)

defined by Tila Pronk

semantic priming is an effect in which exposure to a stimulus unconsciously influences responses to a later conceptually related stimulus; semantic priming is assumed to occur because thinking about an idea leads other related ideas to also come to mind; semantic priming is known to influence the speed at which similar words are recognized; just as seeing the word spider presented on a screen makes it easier to recognize the word spider if it is presented a second time, seeing the word spider also makes it easier to recognize words like web, or venom; semantic priming is also known to influence how people interpret ambiguous stimuli; for example, after reading the word spider over and over again a slight brushing sensation against your foot may be interpreted as something about to run up your leg

defined by Jesse Chandler

detection of stimuli using the senses

defined by Ryan Elder

lineup procedure in which one lineup member is presented after another; there is no option to go back in the process and once a positive identification has been made, the lineup is stopped; the method is meant to support absolute judgments

defined by Melanie Sauerland

the biological features that distinguish male and female members of a species

defined by Jennifer Bosson

People define sexual activity differently from study to study. Comprehensive definitions include any behavior that might be sexually arousing, such as making out, genital touching, oral sex, vaginal penetration.

defined by Malachi Willis

Tactics, such as pressuring or nagging, to persuade people to engage in unwanted sexual activity.

defined by Malachi Willis

Agreeing or consenting to unwanted sexual activity.

defined by Malachi Willis

describes the influence of early imprinting on one’s future mate preferences

defined by Stephen Bertman

Sexual orientation is defined depending on who a person is physically and emotionally attracted to (for differences on gender, sex, sexual/romantic attraction and sexual orientation see http://itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2012/01/the-genderbread-person).

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

Aversive emotion that often goes hand in hand with a feeling of inadequacy and that we feel when our self-image (in the broadest sense) does not match the image that other people or we have of ourselves due to certain circumstances (e.g., specific behavior).

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

perception is the process by which we take in and understand our surroundings. A shared perception is a perception that two or more people agree upon, they have a shared understanding of some object or event

defined by Lena Låstad

The subjective experience of having something in common with another person in terms of feelings, beliefs, or opinions. It can be target-specific, that is, about a single target object, or generalized, that is, about the world in general.

defined by Matteo Masi, Yael Bar-Shachar

or sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that causes the red blood cells to be malformed (i.e., in a sickle shape); this disease leads to oxygen deprivation of cells in the body, resulting in a decreased lifespan of 40-50 years

defined by Chris Buchholz

significant: above chance. In statistics, differences between two measures are considered significant if they deviate from chance beyond a predetermined threshold (usually with a maximum error probability of 5%).
 
defined by Timon Gebbers & Joris Van Ouytsel

defined by Pascal Vrtička

the tendency for people to like similar others, as typically studied by psychologists

defined by Joanna Schug

occur through simulators, which store information about a specific event in its absence; for example, when we think about being away from others, our skin temperature may decrease, because of the cold and chilly feeling that results from social exclusion (see also Barsalou, 1999)

defined by Hans IJzerman

Physical symptoms such as nausea and dizziness that can occur when using virtual reality glasses

defined by Sarah Mayr

lineup procedure in which all lineup members are presented at once; the method is meant to support relative judgments

defined by Melanie Sauerland

cues provided by environmental forces regarding the desirability of potential behaviors within particular situations; strong situations (situations where situational strength is high) the situation will dictate your behavior; weak situations (situations where situational strength is low) are characterized by little structure and therefore allow more ambiguity with respect to what behaviors to perform

defined by Marieke van Egmond

general term for shared perceptions within an organization regarding the general work environment, referred to as organizational climate, or a specific domain, e.g. climate for service, safety climate, or job insecurity climate

defined by Lena Låstad

the study of how people think about, represent, and make sense of their social environment

defined by Hans IJzerman

the process of evaluating oneself by comparing one’s abilities or opinions with those of similar others

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

a phenomenon, idea or category that has social or cultural origins

defined by Hans IJzerman

The spread of a memory from one person to others through verbal interaction

defined by Joanne Rechdan

refers to the coordination of one’s actions with the actions of another person in completing a task together (Reis & Collins, 2004); all social activities require coordination and the efficiency of this coordination to a great extend influences the performance (Kelley, Holmes, Kerr, Reis, Rusbult, & Van Lange, 2003)

defined by Tila Pronk

was a theory put forward near the end of the 19th century that suggested competition between individuals, groups, and cultures naturally leads to the social and genetic evolution of those societies; based on Darwin’s notion of "survival of the fittest", some advocates of Social Darwinism argued that members of "less advanced" cultures were genetically inferior; this theory became the foundation for the Eugenics Movement

defined by Chris Buchholz

situations in which short-term individual interests are at odds with long-term collective interests

defined by Jeff Joireman

a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties; social exchange theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives

defined by Arno van Voorst

an activity in which members of a group clean one another’s fur; the main benefits of the activity are social – strengthening the bond between the grooming partners – rather than hygienic

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

We belong to multiple groups, either by birth or by choice. Examples of social group memberships are our religious and political affiliations, our gender, our ethnicity, the football team we support and the local community in which we live.

defined by Rachel New

is that part of individuals` self-concept that derived from their "knowledge of their membership in a social group (or groups) together with the value and the emotional significance of that membership" (Tajfel, 1981, p. 255)

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

posits that people have a need for positive social identity which requires them to establish a positively valued distinctiveness for their own group compared to other groups (Turner & Reynolds, 2003)

defined by Hans IJzerman

the image of a person in a group; it is the overall evaluation that the others give about the characteristics of the self

defined by Alba Jasini

Reduced motivation in group tasks. Social loafing occurs when group members have the feeling that their individual contribution to the group task is not identifiable and has no strong impact. Social loafing harms group performance.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

technology that allows users to share personal information and other forms of expression via virtual communities

defined by Bindal Makwana

an interdisciplinary field that uses techniques and methods from cognitive neuroscience to investigate questions about brain mechanisms underlying social processes

defined by Joe Moran

largely unwritten group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context

defined by Marieke van Egmond

refers to information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations. It is one of the effective ways by which people can cope with stressful events

defined by Ayse K. Uskul

vrefers to a social entity composed of more than one part; these parts in turn represent the smallest social unit in the system and they are in a particular relation to one another; a social system can also be connected to other social systems

defined by Cara Kahl

the extent to which people feel that their opinions are right, justified and shared among other people

defined by Namkje Koudenburg

the process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society

defined by Marieke van Egmond

an approach to psychology (the science of mind and behavior) that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior (Oishi & Graham, 2010, p. 1)

defined by Robert Thomson

an area within psychology that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats (social ecology), and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior

defined by Jenny C. Su

A person’s position or status within society. It is often derived from a combination of income or wealth (economic status), education (social status), and occupation (professional recognition).

defined by Birte Siem

insulting the source of a persuasive message, dismissing their expertise or trustworthiness, or otherwise rejecting their validity; used as a strategy for resisting persuasion 

defined by Angela Celebre

One’s ability to identify the origin of remembered information

defined by Joanne Rechdan

the reduction in happiness that gains from enacting desires that conflict with goals compared to enacting non-conflicting desires 

defined by Amir Ghoniem

internally generated false memories

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

Memories involve three distinct processes: 1) encoding, in which we take in and process the information, 2) consolidation (also known as storage), in which we convert this information from short-term to long-term knowledge, and 3) retrieval, in which we recall the previously-learned information

defined by Carey Marr

a boost in performance caused by comparing oneself to a negatively stereotyped group (Walton & Cohen, 2003)

defined by Jessica Cundiff

a situational threat whereby an individual is concerned with being viewed as conforming to a negative stereotype associated with their group ( Steele, 1997)

defined by Jessica Cundiff

are beliefs that result from thinking about people categorically; traits attributed to all members of a social group such as Whites or Blacks without considering that some members of that group may not possess those traits

defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi

Difficult to define and perhaps context dependent, it is generally any sensory event that has the potential to elicit a reaction (response) from an organism, like a flash of light or a sound (for a detailed analysis, see Gibson, 1960).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

Transient episodic linkage between perceived stimuli/stimulus features and executed responses. Stimulus-response bindings persist for about 2 to 6 seconds and can be accessed and retrieved in that time frame upon stimulus (feature) repetition, which will retrieve and reactivate the previously executed response. Ultimately, reactivated responses can be executed quickly.

defined by Carina Giesen, Markus Janczyk, David Dignath, Roland Pfister, Birte Moeller

the finding that we automatically read words that are presented to us, even if our task does not require reading the word

defined by Sascha Topolinski

non-verbal visual cues represented by facial or body features, or generally appearance

defined by Anastassia Blechko

a small goal that will make you achieve part of your superordinate goal; subgoals help you to cut your plans into pieces and attaining your superordinate goal step-by-step

defined by Suzanne van Gils

an individual's cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life

defined by Jenny C. Su

false memories that occur in response to external pressure or misinformation

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

Interview questions that coerce the interviewee to respond accordingly to what the interviewer wants.

defined by Bruna Calado

an agent that possess abilities that exceed the intuitively expected limitations or normal agents

defined by Jonathan Jong

the goal you want to reach in the end, your main goal; superordinate goals may consist of several subgoals

defined by Suzanne van Gils

An identity that encompasses several subordinate groups, such as a national identity that includes all regional identities (such as Londoners, Northerners, etc in the UK). We are able to identify with both the subordinate and the superordinate group simultaneously, such as being a British Muslim, where Muslims are an international group.

defined by Rachel New

refers to disliking a group, while simultaneously believing that egalitarianism is a virtue; prejudiced behavior might be exacerbated for such people in situations that remind them of the others’ perceived shortcomings, and attenuated in situations that remind them of their belief that we’re all part of the great siblinghood of homo sapien sapien

defined by Alex Gunz

a neurological condition in which a perception in one sense leads to a sensation in a different sense, or a different aspect of the same sense

defined by Clare Jonas

temporal, rhythmic and smoothly meshed coordination between conversants

defined by Namkje Koudenburg