Glossary

a judgment that is based on comparisons between a presented option (i.e., person) and one’s memory of the perpetrator

defined by Melanie Sauerland

knowledge of states, events, ideas, or qualities that do not have direct physical instantiations; this can be contrasted from concrete concepts, which include knowledge of physical properties of objects and actions

defined by Michael Slepian

A style of interrogation that is characterized as guilt-presumptive. The accusatorial approach focuses on obtaining a confession or self-incriminatory information. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

a status that is earned

defined by Jennifer Bosson

refer to the willingness to act in an expressive manner; examples can be to think of the other, hug the other or to approach the other when in love or to aggress, spit on, or swear at another when angered with someone

defined by Hans IJzerman

An effect in which people tend to judge people more harshly for taking an action that harms someone than for failing to take an action that could have prevented someone being harmed.

defined by Alan Jern

physiological reaction to a challenging situation involving the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the release of the hormone cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline

defined by Lucius Caviola

Enabling one improve coping with a certain situation and/or long-term survival

defined by Carey Marr

social goals that are important in a particular social environment for a person to thrive socially

defined by Robert Thomson

A hormone secreted by adrenal glands during stress that increases blood circulation and breathing and prepares the body for physical exertion

defined by Carey Marr

a novel area of research that focuses on the study and design of devices and systems that can elicit, enhance, or influence human emotional states by using the sense of touch

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

The motivation to start or intensify a relationship with another person or group. Affiliation can result in behavior such as caring for others, pleasing or befriending others, or simply expressing solidarity and loyalty with one’s group. 

defined by Janina Steinmetz

The tendency to reply with “yes” to questions. The more people affirm, the more they typically agree with questions that they are asked, or the more they assert that a statement is true and valid.

defined by Janina Steinmetz

the status of an agent, it refers to the capacity of acting by oneself and controlling his actions

defined by Philippe Bernard

the quality of being pleasant; also, one of the Big Five personality factors, characterized by traits such as kindness, generosity, warmth, unselfishness, and trust

defined by Silvia Barriga

is a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another’s welfare

defined by Dan Batson

situations which are lacking the clarity of meaning; refers in this article to emergency situations which are missing clarity in many cases

defined by Janneke Schilder

described as disliking a group, but coding these feelings into a more acceptable format, for example: “I’m not saying that psychologists are evil, they’re just always poking their noses in, making like they understand everything,” might be said by someone who feels, deep down, that psychologists are evil

defined by Alex Gunz

is composed of both benevolent and hostile sexism

defined by Philippe Bernard

brain area (group of nuclei) located in the medial temporal lobe and part of the limbic system; plays a role in processes of memory, decision-making, and emotional reactions

defined by Lucius Caviola

people with an analytic mindset will tend to focus on objects based on the categories to which they belong and understand behavior using rules such as logic, this mindset is common in many Western cultures (Nisbett et al., 2001)

defined by Robert Thomson

attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities

defined by Flora Almosdi, Adrienn Ujhelyi

involves working toward goals in order to attain or achieve something. Going to the gym to exercise in order to get in shape could be considered approach motivation

defined by Greg Strong

In Jungian psychology, archetypes constitute the collective unconscious; they are “unconscious images of the instincts themselves, in other words...they are patterns of instinctual behaviour,” or simply, “pre-existent form[s]” (Jung, 1959a, p. 42-4). “Hero” and “trickster” are well-known Jungian archetypes. Also see the entries for “collective unconscious” and “instincts.”

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

a research method during which court files and other legal documents are analyzed in terms of a certain research question

defined by Melanie Sauerland

This internal consent feeling is associated with being titillated or drawn to engaging in sexual activity.

defined by Malachi Willis

a status that is assigned

defined by Jennifer Bosson

A sexual orientation that embodies the absence of sexual desire.

defined by Malachi Willis

is mating which is not random but instead determined by similarities or dissimilarities between prospective mates

defined by Stephen Bertman

lasting physical and emotional exhaustion, a diminished sense of accomplishment, and a devaluation of sport.

defined by Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Henrik Gustafsson, Daniel Madigan

Attachment: Attachment refers to an enduring and selective emotional bond between a care seeker (e.g., a child) and their primary caregiver (e.g., a parent). When threatened or in distress, the care seeker displays support seeking behavior – the primary (secure) attachment strategy – to which the caregiver ideally responds swiftly and sensitively and thereby provides co-regulation and a felt sense of security. If the caregiver tends to be unavailable or their availability unpredictable, the care seeker develops secondary (insecure) attachment strategies associated with avoidance or anxiety, respectively. For more details on attachment concepts and terminology, please refer to this website made available by the Society for Emotion and Attachment Studies (SEAS).

defined by Pascal Vrtička

describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a secure bond with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

the tendency to preferentially direct one’s attention and to recognize certain stimuli faster

defined by Amir Ghoniem

directing one’s attention to or away from certain stimuli to more successfully regulate oneself 

defined by Amir Ghoniem

represents a small set of states that a dynamical system displays over time; in psychological systems, an attractor represents a restricted range of mental states and actions that is commonly experienced by a person

defined by Jay Michaels

When a person spontaneously "tunes in" to another person's opinions or beliefs; this is often interpreted as a sign that a shared reality has been established. 

defined by Matteo Masi, Yael Bar-Shachar

refers to the idea that some people are conventional minded, valuing authority, structure, and obedience; people who fit this description seem far more willing to uncritically dislike others when they are told to do so

defined by Alex Gunz

people organize their relationships based on asymmetry; there is a linear hierarchy in which subordinates are supposed to defer, respect and obey, whereas superiors take precedence and responsibility for their subordinates

defined by Cláudia Simão

a broad category of psychological conditions characterized by abnormalities in social interactions and communication, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and/or cognitive delays. It includes both high-functioning individuals with mild symptoms of autism (often called Asperger’s Syndrome) and individuals with more severe symptoms, such as severe to profound mental retardation

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

most broadly defined as the operation of mental processes outside of conscious awareness and guidance; more specific criteria, which can apply one at a time or together, are that automatic process are independent of intentions, hard to control, effortless, and efficient (e.g., Bargh & Chartrand, 1999)

defined by Thomas Schubert

Part of the nervous system that controls unconscious bodily functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion; helps control the fight-or-flight response

defined by Carey Marr

described as disliking a group, but feeling extremely bad at the idea of behaving in a clearly prejudiced fashion (or at least, of been seen to behave this way); prejudiced action will only emerge, then, in situations where it’s hidden, or at least plausibly deniable

defined by Alex Gunz

describes working to avoid some unpleasant or undesired thing; trying to avoid eating unhealthy food in order to stay in shape could be considered avoidance motivation

defined by Greg Strong

Also called the Forer-effect; describes the tendency of people to perceive general and vague statements as an accurate description of themselves.

defined by Lea Sperlich

Statements that are general and vague and therefore apply to most people; e.g. B. “In some situations you are extraverted, in some situations you are more introverted.”

defined by Lea Sperlich

Treatment based on the premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of classical and operant conditioning (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 658). Also see the entries for “classical conditioning” and “operant conditioning.”

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

a scientific explanation of actions, thoughts and feelings as behavior, without recourse to subjectivity; no difference is considered to exist between subjective and objective events

defined by Clare Jonas

is “a set of interrelated attitudes toward women that are sexist in terms of viewing women stereotypically and in restricted roles but that are subjectively positive in feeling tone (for the perceiver) and also tend to elicit behaviors typically categorized as prosocial (e.g., helping) or intimacy-seeking (e.g., self-disclosure)” (Glick & Fiske, 1996, p.491); it is one of the dimensions of Ambivalent Sexism, the second dimension of Ambivalent Sexism is hostile sexism

defined by Philippe Bernard

when a lineup is constructed so that one individual (usually the suspect) stands out from the rest; if non-witnesses (people who did not witness the crime and have never seen the perpetrator) are shown the lineup and given the description of the perpetrator, a lineup biased towards the suspect will result in many of these non-witnesses accurately identifying the suspect

defined by Nina Tupper

Binding (in cognitive psychology). Mental integration or linkage between different features into a coherent perceptual impression (i.e., an object) or a planned action.

defined by Carina Giesen, Markus Janczyk, David Dignath, Roland Pfister, Birte Moeller

is a belief that different races are distinct biological groups

defined by Chris Buchholz

Black, Indigenous, and People of Color. A self-designation of individuals who experience racism and feel they belong to one of these groups, or who do not define themselves as White or are perceived as non-White.

defined by Birte Siem

a preoccupation with the subjective evaluation of one’s body 

defined by Bindal Makwana

a negative subjective evaluation of one’s own body

defined by Bindal Makwana

an individual’s subjective mental representation of his or her own body

defined by Bindal Makwana

Establishing a relationship of cooperation and trust between people.

defined by Mikaela Magnusson

the general phenomenon in which the individual’s likelihood to help is decreased when there are more people around. People are less likely to provide help when there are more bystanders around

defined by Janneke Schilder

persons who are around, refers in this article to the number of people present in an emergency situation who are able to provide help

defined by Janneke Schilder

literally, it means lineage but in the colonial period, the word referred to people of mixed race

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

this was a style of painting, typical of the eighteenth century, which represented the various racial mixtures possible in Latin America

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

Process that involves perceiving someone or something as belonging to a specific category. In the case of people we refer to social categorization as the process of perceiving individuals as members of a given social group.  

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

Part of the regulation system of the brain, which comprises several interconnected cortical and subcortical structures. It is involved in the regulation of processes underlying the functioning of internal organs, endocrine system, pain modulation, and complex motor responses. 

defined by Maša Iskra, Caterina Salvotti, Nina Zammit

difficulty observers have in noticing changes to visual scenes, when the change is accompanied by some other visual disturbance

defined by Anna Sagana

a twin study that relies on twin children

defined by Reut Avinun

Components of the decision-making context that influence decisions and behavior without formally restricting freedom of choice (e.g. through prohibitions).

defined by Mario Herberz

failure to detect changes in a decision outcome when the choice was covertly manipulated

defined by Anna Sagana

highly motivated to restrict their calorie intake in order to control their body weight; however, they are rather unsuccessful dieters as they are not only known for their food restriction, but also for their repeated lapses of restraint (Herman & Polivy, 1980)

defined by Guido M. van Koningsbruggen

The individual day-and-night rhythm. Morning chronotypes tend to go to bed early and get up early, while evening chronotypes prefer to stay up longer and get up later. Most people fall into the intermediate range between morning and evening types.

defined by Liesemarie Albers

Learning that “one event predicts another”; or more specifically, a type of associative learning in which “a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 226). 

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

is a huge threat to the planet and all living things. It results from man-made changes to the atmosphere and the climate system, in particular through massive greenhouse gas emissions - often referred to as "climate change". Its effects are real, permanent, difficult to control and can be seen and felt worldwide. They are particularly evident in the form of rising sea levels, extreme weather events, droughts, heatwaves and the extinction of species. The climate crisis not only jeopardises the environment, but also the stability of human societies. This reveals a clear social injustice: the most disadvantaged and least resilient population groups are affected the most. Psychologically speaking, the climate crisis can trigger severe stress (also known as climate stress), as the extent of the threat is difficult to grasp and cannot be controlled individually. In order to cope with and contain it, people must work together to make fundamental changes in social, political, economic and ecological relationships.

defined by Julia Asbrand, Felix Peter, Claudia Calvano, Lea Dohm

describes the physical and emotional reactions to the direct and indirect consequences of the climate and biodiversity crisis. Climate stress is complex and is caused by different types of stressors. These can be, for example, stressors that affect the person directly, such as very high temperatures during a heatwave. Social stressors can arise, for example, when relatives die as a result of climate-related natural disasters. Ecological stressors, on the other hand, describe negative changes in the environment, e.g. when the death of forests is witnessed. These stressors can occur directly, for example as a result of an extreme weather event such as a severe storm. They can also be communicated via the media, for example through reports on climate-related natural disasters. Climate stress can also develop from fears and other unpleasant feelings such as frustration and hopelessness about possible future effects of the climate crisis. The psychological effects of climate stress can vary, ranging from anxiety and worry to more severe psychological distress such as anxiety and depression. In addition, various stress symptoms and other stress-related illnesses can occur. These can affect well-being and quality of life. It is therefore important to develop effective coping strategies and measures.

defined by Julia Asbrand, Felix Peter, Claudia Calvano, Lea Dohm

the ease with which a given concept comes to mind

defined by Leila Selimbegović

 refers to a decreasing ability to perform well on tasks that require speedy, analytical, or creative thinking due to aging

defined by Janina Marguc

psychological discomfort that is caused by people’s awareness of inconsistency among important beliefs, attitudes, or actions; people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance 

defined by Angela Celebre

A set of techniques used to appeal to the source’s reward system, with the aim to increase compliance. Examples include: making bargains with the source, offering special rewards and reinforcements.  

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

the ability to solve the community’s problems collectively

defined by Jenny C. Su

An inherited universal psychic system that stores potentials and capacities for patterns of thought and behavior, consisting of “pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents” (Jung, 1959a, p. 42-4). Also see the entries for “archetypes” and “instincts.”

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

refers to a cultural worldview that encourages a focus on duties above rights and an emphasis on group membership, harmony, interpersonal connectedness, context sensitivity

defined by Ayse K. Uskul

is the belief that you wish to make a relationship keep working into the future; if you have this without the other two then you have “empty love”

defined by Alex Gunz

the information or knowledge that conversation partners share; the things they (have come to) mutually know, believe, and/or recognize

defined by Camiel Beukeboom

the ability to perceive, understand and judge practical matters with little reflection or argument; this is generally assumed to be a universal human ability (van Holthoon & Olson, 1987) 

defined by Nina Tupper

The difficulty of managing shared natural resources - which results in many of the environmental problems that exist today - was allegorised in a social dilemma called “The Tragedy of the Commons” (also called the commons dilemma) by Garrett Hardin, an ecologist (1968). Hardin described a field for grazing cattle which is shared by a village. The field must not be overused otherwise the grass will get used up, perhaps to a stage when replenishment is no longer possible. If everyone allows one cow onto the land, there is enough for all. If an individual villager allows more than one cow to graze, that villager - called a free-rider - will benefit. But if others follow suit, everyone suffers as the resource becomes depleted. The dilemma is therefore the choice between short-term individual and long-term collective interests. Taking more than others (competition) may provide temporary benefits to some, but agreeing to limit your use of the resource (cooperation) ultimately benefits all. A good example of the temptation not to cooperate in a commons dilemma is our reluctance to limit our fuel usage. Have you ever reasoned to yourself like this: “If I don’t use up some of the remaining fuel in the world, someone else will; all I can do is delay the inevitable depletion by a few seconds”? (See laboratory social dilemmas for a description of how this works experimentally.)
Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243– 1248.

defined by Rachel New

people treat each other as equivalent and undifferentiated concerning a certain social domain

defined by Cláudia Simão

a type of social relationship in which members implicitly assume that their bodies share a common substance that binds them together. This relationship is typically found among close kin or members of a group with a salient shared identity

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

is intimacy plus commitment; you’re great friends, you’re dedicated to being together, you just don’t have the erotic emotionally supercharged insanity of passion (which is good for, say, siblings)

defined by Alex Gunz

states that seeing the offender suffer from fate is sufficient for victims to feel satisfaction

defined by Arne Sjöström

was developed to understand how people  maintain the belief that they live in an orderly and stable world when experiencing fluctuations in perceived personal control; when personal control is perceived to be low, people can compensate by affirming beliefs in external sources of control, such as supernatural agents and governmental bodies

defined by Bastiaan Rutjens

means being intelligent, skillful, and able

defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi

the process by which general ideas (like “action” or “inaction”) are mentally triggered, sometimes resulting in an impact on associated behaviors

defined by Melanie B. Tannenbaum

refers to the idea that people use concrete sensory information to understand dissimilar abstract information (e.g., LOVE is a JOURNEY)

defined by Hans IJzerman

an individual’s tendency to be concerned with immediate vs. future consequences, and base one’s decisions on those consequences that are important to the individual

defined by Jeff Joireman

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 227).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 227).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

a confusing imagination with memory

defined by Clare Jonas

A set of techniques that rely on threats or perceived punishment. For example: emphasize the investigator’s authority, threaten the source with longer sentence, and use deception. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

refer to those functions of gossip that help individuals obtain acceptance and liking from important individuals and groups

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

one of the Big Five personality factors, characterized by traits such as organization, thoroughness, reliability, and practicality, and their relative absence of careless, negligence, and unreliability

defined by Silvia Barriga

a form of romantic relationship configuration where all partners involved agree to engage in romantic and/or sexual relationships with other peoplel; this includes (but is not limited to): polyamory (partners involved agree on loving sexual and romantic relationships with others), swinging (partners agree on sexual relationships with others, typically engaged in as a couple and often at parties) and open relationships (partners agree on sexual engagements with others, typically with the expectation that love is not part of the equation)

defined by Amy Moors

A system of ethics that, at its simplest, uses the consequences of our actions to determine whether they are right or wrong. (This is in contrast to a deontological system of ethics, in which actions have intrinsic moral value, regardless of their consequences.)

defined by Rachel New

Consolidation happens when new information is transferred from short-term memory (which can be easily disturbed) to long-term memory (which is more stable). Memory consolidation requires time.  

defined by Oliver Genschow

The step in the memory process in which a memory is stabilized allowing short-term memories to be converted into long-term memories

defined by Carey Marr

denotes the general tendency to believe in conspiracy theories (of any kind). The term is based on the finding that people who believe in one conspiracy theory often believe in other conspiracy theories that are unrelated in terms of their content

defined by Kevin Winter, Lotte Pummerer

is intimacy plus passion plus commitment; you’ve got it all; they don’t give prizes for this, it IS a prize

defined by Alex Gunz

 the notion that contact between members two groups tends to reduce tensions between them, particularly when it occurs under certain types of circumstances

defined by Alex Gunz

A set of non-verbal, non-interpersonal techniques used for altering the physical and/or temporal space where the interrogation takes place with the aim to increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

A set of non-verbal, non-interpersonal techniques used for altering the physical and/or temporal space where the interrogation takes place with the aim to increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

information in eyewitness accounts that was initially reported and is later changed

defined by Nina Tupper

information in eyewitness accounts that was initially reported and is later changed

defined by Nina Tupper

Many psychological experiments are designed to examine the impact of a specific variable (in the case of this paper: sleep deprivation) on different facets of human functioning (in the case of this paper: decision making). To examine this impact scientifically, two groups (also called conditions) are compared: the experimental condition in which the variable of interest is present (i.e., sleep deprivation) and a control condition in which the variable is not present (i.e., a well-rested group). Apart from the variable of interest, both conditions have to be as similar as possible. The difference in functioning (i.e., decision making) between both groups informs about the impact of the variable under study.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

In the context of a social dilemma, cooperative behaviour acts in the interests of the collective, rather than acting in the individual’s interests. This will involve forgoing immediate benefits to the individual in order to preserve the shared resource. The alternative behaviour is competition, where the individual does whatever is necessary to gain maximum personal benefit.

defined by Rachel New

the process of managing taxing circumstances, and seeking to reduce or tolerate stress or conflict

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

A steroid hormone belonging to a group of hormones called glucocorticoids; produced in humans by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland (near kidney)

defined by Carey Marr

phenomena are phenomena that are physically implausible or nonexistent; in psychology mostly known for counterfactual thinking: pondering about what would have happened if one had done something different at a certain point in time; so though the phenomenon can easily be thought about, it’s just impossible in the present reality

defined by Arno van Voorst

phenomena are phenomena that are at odds with factual or logical reasoning; ironically, counterintuitive can also stand for phenomena at odds with gut feelings and intuition, which are often disproven; take the earth for an example, the idea that the earth is flat is an intuitive idea; the discovery that the earth was a round spheroid, is therefore a counterintuitive idea; yet, this doesn’t mean that the idea isn’t true: it’s just unlikely to be thought

defined by Arno van Voorst

one of the terms proposed for the racial mixture represented by a person with one indigenous and one mestizo parent

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

a subjective feeling in which one experiences a strong urge or desire to engage in a certain behavior 

defined by Amir Ghoniem

the process of extending the conceptual boundaries of an existing concept by synthesizing it with other seemingly irrelevant concepts

defined by Chi-yue Chiu

a much-studied phenomenon typically attributed to a) a person, b) a product, c) a process or d) an environment ; it is distinguished by the production of novel and useful things, whereas countless approaches to defining, generating and facilitating creativity have been developed in the four areas

defined by Cara Kahl

Every characteristic of a person that is informative of his/her membership to a given group.

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

A memory test in which people are asked to provide answers, assisted by memory cues (e.g., specific questions, cues, hints, etc.)

defined by Carey Marr

belongs to a branch of the social sciences that studies cultural variation among humans

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

based on the conviction that each person has an intrinsic value; dignity cultures try to balance ideals of equality and liberty: everyone’s worth is the same; one’s worth is not dependent on other’s judgments (Kim, Cohen, Au, 2010)

defined by Cláudia Simão

cultures that are concerned with the preservation of personal and group honor and reputation

defined by Alba Jasini

is a childhood-onset hereditary disease that affects mucus producing glands found in the liver, pancreas, and especially the lungs; there is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis and many who suffer from this disease die at age 20 or 30; however, with new treatments some cystic fibrosis sufferers’ life expectancy is increasing to 40 or 50

defined by Chris Buchholz

Methodology that asks participants to respond to the same survey every day for a set period.

defined by Malachi Willis

The manipulation of someone else’s psychological beliefs. Deception can take many forms, such as lying, or omitting the truth, or other ways to lead someone to believe something that is false.

defined by Janina Steinmetz

a paradigm that elicits spontaneous false memories; associatively related word lists are presented to participants without mentioning a critical related word that is nonetheless subsequently retrieved by many participants

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

A default is an automatic outcome that requires no effort on our part, such as an opt-out system for organ donation. Rather than having to sign up to donate our organs after death, in an opt-out system this happens automatically unless we make the effort to opt out. This may convey that this is the right thing to do, as well as that organ donation is normal behaviour for a majority of the population.

defined by Rachel New

The Default Mode Network is a neural network that is active when people deal with their inner self. This includes being in an awake idle state, introspection, engaging with autobiographical memory, imagining the future, and thinking about the perspectives of others. Core areas of the network are the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the inferior parietal lobule, the lateral temporal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus.
Reference: R. L. Buckner, J. R. Andrews‐Hanna, and D. L. Schacter, „The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease“, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Bd. 1124, Nr. 1, S. 1–38, 2008, doi: 10.1196/annals.1440.011.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

is a denial of humanness to others, we can distinguish two types of dehumanization (Haslam, 2006): animalistic (see Uniquely human) and mechanistic (see Human nature)

defined by Philippe Bernard

is a psychological state in which the self is arguably lost, individual norms fade out, and impulsive, anti-social behavior follows (but see (Postmes & Spears, 1998)

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

theory in moral philosophy prescribing a set of rules that should always be adhered to, such as the prohibition of murder

defined by Lucius Caviola

Depression is a mental disorder characterized by depressed mood or inner emptiness and loss of interest and energy

defined by Sarah Mayr

Norms that describe what most people do are descriptive (as opposed to injunctive or prescriptive norms, which convey which behaviours are morally right).

defined by Rachel New

the feeling of wanting to have or do something and thus motivates behavior

defined by Amir Ghoniem

This internal consent feeling (also referred to as wantedness) is associated with the aspects of a sexual encounter that make it seem to have been a wanted or willing interaction.

defined by Malachi Willis

involves the social and mental development of human beings over the course of their life span

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

the counterintuitive finding that children perform better, thus make less erroneous statements, than adults 

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

the ratio of correct to incorrect identification decisions. Specifically, the term refers to the ratio of perpetrator choices (hits) in target-present lineups to innocent suspect choices (false alarms) in target-absent lineups

defined by Melanie Sauerland

responsibility is shared by the number of bystanders; the responsibility felt by the individual is decreased as the number of bystanders increases

defined by Janneke Schilder

A sexual orientation that involves sexual attraction with or sexual interest in artificial beings, such as apps or sex robots.
defined byMalachi Willis

involves an “actual face-to-face interaction between members of clearly defined groups” (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006; p. 754)
defined byLuca Andrighetto

prejudicial treatment of an individual based on their membership, or perceived membership, of a certain group or category

defined by Jim A. C. Everett

an unpleasant mental state (e.g., sadness, anxiety, loneliness)

defined by Clay Routledge

refers to the perceived fairness of resource distributions

defined by Jan-Willem van Prooijen

Refers to the fair allocation of goods and resources, for example, within society or within a group. The distribution occurs in a fair and transparent manner, ensuring that every member of society or within a group receives an equitable share.

defined by Birte Siem

a term originally used by Guilford (1956) to describe the mental process of generating more than one solution to a given task; today, the expression divergent thinking is more common and its operationalizations are the basis of many modern creativity tests

defined by Cara Kahl

twins who share on average 50% of their DNA, just like other siblings

defined by Reut Avinun

a molecule which carries the genetic information of all living creatures and is mostly located in the cell nucleus

defined by Melanie Sauerland

during DNA analysis, different sections of the DNA are inspected and in doing so, a characteristic profile can be obtained for every person

defined by Melanie Sauerland

researchers record participant’s actions and then edit the video in which fake actions are embedded; in this way, after watching the fake video, participants falsely “remembered” and “believed” that they have performed the fake actions

defined by Jianqin Wang

a term introduced by Csikszentmihalyi (1999) to describe collective information such as ideas, knowledge, behavior patterns, styles, etc; a domain is a symbolic memory for specific aspects of culture

defined by Cara Kahl

honorifics that were used by the lower nobility

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

part of the brain’s reward system, which is responsible for the control of motivated behavior

defined by Arne Sjöström

a process whereby people elevate their self-esteem by comparing their group to a lower-status group ( Wills, 1981)

defined by Jessica Cundiff

a psychological model that posits two kinds of processes (e.g., implicit v. explicit, automatic v. controlled)

defined by Jonathan Jong

representing two different modes of thinking: a fast, intuitive and emotional one, and a slow, deliberative and logical one

defined by Lucius Caviola

the dual-task paradigm realizes the simultaneous handling of two component tasks (in comparison to sequential task processing in the task switching paradigm); the typical performance costs (for example: longer response times) during the simultaneous handling of two tasks in comparison to separate single-task processing are called dual-task costs; these costs result from the interference between the component tasks and their coordination (e.g., the regulation of the processing order)

defined by Tilo Strobach

a set of inter-connected elements that change due to their mutual influences; in a mental system, the elements represent thoughts and feelings; in a social system, the elements represent individuals; in an international system, the elements represent nations

defined by Jay Michaels

dysfunctional eating patterns  

defined by Bindal Makwana

a psychological disorder distinguished by dysfunctional eating habits   

defined by Bindal Makwana

People prefer things to be depicted in images the way they exist in nature. For example, we prefer when an elephant is portrayed as large and a mouse as small, compared to a giant mouse and a mini elephant.
Reference:  S. E. Palmer, K. B. Schloss, and J. Sammartino, „Visual aesthetics and human preference“, Annu. Rev. Psychol., Bd. 64, S. 77–107, 2013, doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100504.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

is a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing one’s own welfare

defined by Dan Batson

A negative/unpleasant emotion as a reaction to morally unimportant and relatively trivial misconduct or the harmless violation of social expectations or norms.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

the theory that sensory and motor processes play an important role in cognition and cognitive processes, such as thinking, reasoning, and memory

defined by Michael Slepian

the notion that people’s perceptions of the world around them are influenced by and sensitive to the states of their bodies 

defined by Shana Cole

the association of an abstract concept with a concrete, perceivable stimulus, for instance, the abstract concept of time can be embodied in the concrete image of something flowing horizontally (Boroditsky, 2001)

defined by Thomas Schubert

refers to the development of a higher-level property in a dynamical system due to the mutual influence among the system’s inter-connected elements;  in a mental system, the mutual influence among cognitive elements in the stream of thought can promote the emergence of a global attitude or belief;  in a social system, the mutual influence among individuals can promote the emergence of a group norm or ideology

defined by Jay Michaels

refers to the individuals’ attempts to alleviate the negative emotions elicited by stressful events; directed at reducing mental distress

defined by Silvia Barriga

a phenomenon whereby emotions spread through groups of people

defined by Ted Cascio

A set of techniques with the purpose of increasing cooperation by addressing the source’s raw emotions such as fear, guilt, anxiety, love, pride, hope, and sadness. They can also appeal to the source’s self-interest, religion and stress for example. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

is an other-oriented emotional response elicited by and congruent with the plight of a person in need

defined by Dan Batson

an individual’s tendency to take the perspective of another person and/or have tender concerned feelings about that person

defined by Jeff Joireman

is the hypothesis that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation

defined by Dan Batson

a scientific way of gaining knowledge by using a collection of data to base a theory or derive a conclusion

defined by Marieke van Egmond

an employee’s belief about how long he/she will be with an organization

defined by Jeff Joireman

The initial step in the memory process, where information is processed and categorized to later be converted into memory for storage and retrieval

defined by Carey Marr

bodily mobilization of physiological resources to respond to task demands; one example is sympathetic nervous system reactivity

defined by Melanie B. Tannenbaum

Motives for resolving uncertainty and improving understanding.

defined by Matteo Masi, Yael Bar-Shachar

people seek out for balance in the relationship; it implies a reciprocity norm (turn taking, or equal share distributions)

defined by Cláudia Simão

a social philosophy popular in the 1920’s whose members advocated selective breeding to improve the human race

defined by Chris Buchholz

A set of techniques used for increasing cooperation, testing veracity of the source’s statements and detecting deception. For example: confront source with false evidence, identify contradictions in their statements, confront source with evidence they did not know the investigator had. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

refers to responses that are evoked from the environment by genetically influenced characteristics of an individual, for example, a child characterized by high levels of antisocial behavior − a trait showing substantial heritability − is more likely to elicit harsh discipline from parents than an obedient child

defined by Reut Avinun

a set of cognitive functions with which people control and regulate their behavior in complex situations under the consideration of environmental factors (for example the selection of goals and the planning of actions); these functions modulate and regulate information processing in the cognitive system and several sub-processes in the control of behavior; such behavior control is required for simple and distinct tasks (e.g., typing a word on a computer keyboard), as well as complex and global tasks (e.g., planning a family party)

defined by Tilo Strobach

the study of psychological processes such as cognition (including perception, memory, thinking, and language), learning, feelings and emotions, and skills through controlled experiments; the general plan of an experiment, including the method of assigning research participants or subjects to treatment conditions, controlling extraneous variables, manipulating the independent variable, and measuring the dependent variable

defined by Silvia Barriga

effect showing that the expectations we hold affect the responses we obtain. This concerns various areas, such as research, teaching, adjudication and lineup administrations

defined by Melanie Sauerland

The motivation to take something from someone else for one’s own personal benefit. Exploitation can result in behavior such using other people to gain resources, or taking from others without reciprocating and giving something back.

defined by Janina Steinmetz

one of the Big Five personality factors ranging from extreme extraversion characterized by traits such as sociability and assertiveness, to extreme introversion, characterized by reserve and passivity

defined by Silvia Barriga

the extent to which an individual treats religion as a means to an end

defined by Jonathan Jong

expressions of emotion as a sequence of involuntary, fast facial action

defined by Anastassia Blechko

Accusations of crimes that are not anchored in real events.

defined by Mikaela Magnusson

belief for the occurrence of events that actually do not happen

defined by Jianqin Wang

when a person confesses to a crime that they did not actually commit; often occurs as a result of inappropriate interrogation and/or mental impairment

defined by Anna Sagana

When an innocent suspect admits to a crime he/she did not commit. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

remembering details or whole events that were not experienced

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

remembering events that do not happen

defined by Jianqin Wang

a method to implant false memories into participants; in this method participants are persuaded by photoshopped photos that they have experienced an event and then form false memories for the event

defined by Jianqin Wang

the tendency to like what is familiar 

defined by Jenny C. Su

is passion plus commitment; you’re thinking about the other person all the time, your pulse races when you think about them, and you like to giggle together about the word “forever,” even if you don’t have a deep intimate understanding of each other (well, yet)

defined by Alex Gunz

Building block of perceptual impressions or planned actions (like form, color, orientation, movement direction, location, speed, size, etc.).

defined by Carina Giesen, Markus Janczyk, David Dignath, Roland Pfister, Birte Moeller

a framework to analyze and critique social systems and material practices that stigmatize certain kinds of bodily variations (i.e., people with disabilities); the key motives are forging positive identities and promoting the inclusion of women with disabilities in mainstream society

defined by Angela Celebre

a term introduced by Csikszentmihalyi (1999) to describe a social group responsible for judging individual outcomes according to their creativity; the field is a relevant social system for the creating individual and it represents a part of society

defined by Cara Kahl

a research project conducted in everyday, real-world settings

defined by Anna Sagana

A physiological reaction that occurs in response to an acute stressful situation to help people cope with danger; also called “the acute stress response”

defined by Carey Marr

is imprinting (see below) by offspring

defined by Stephen Bertman

Sudden, disturbing, and often repeated vivid memories of an event in the past; associated with PTSD, those who experience flashbacks feel like the traumatic event is happening all over again

defined by Carey Marr

subjective experience of ease with which people process information

defined by Namkje Koudenburg

A scientific method used to indirectly study brain activity through measuring oxygen supply with a strong magnetic field.

defined by Pascal Vrtička

A scientific method used to indirectly study brain activity through measuring oxygen supply with infrared light.

defined by Pascal Vrtička

lineup members of known likely to be innocent (also named distractors or fillers)

defined by Melanie Sauerland

the cognitive study of how people classify and reason about the organic world; of particular interest is the human tendency to classify animals and plants into specific species-based groups

defined by Arno van Voorst

When children are interviewed by police as part of a criminal investigation.

defined by Mikaela Magnusson

Physical evidence such as ballistics, blood test, and DNA test etc. utilized in legal cases

defined by Bruna Calado

information in eyewitness accounts that was reported in an initial recall-attempt, but is not reported later

defined by Nina Tupper

Different forms of presenting the same information that trigger different psychological processes. Examples: A glass is half full vs. half empty; 100 out of 300 people died vs. 200 out of 300 people were saved.

defined by Mario Herberz

A memory test in which people are asked to provide information any and all information they can remember

defined by Carey Marr

selfish individuals within a group whom consume a public resource without contributing toward its cost (i.e., individuals who obtain benefits or rewards without making an appropriate effort or sacrifice)

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

a neuroimaging technique that indirectly measures changes in neuronal activity through indexing the utilization of oxygen in the blood. This technique has proven incredibly useful for localizing brain function

defined by Joe Moran

A scientific method used to indirectly study brain activity through measuring oxygen supply with infrared light.

defined by Pascal Vrtička

the tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based, explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing situational explanations

defined by Arno van Voorst

people's tendency to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation, rather than considering external factors

defined by Joe Moran

according to this theory, information is stored into two traces: a) the verbatim trace captures specific details, and b) the gist trace captures underlying meanings

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

This term consists of the combination of the word “gay” with “radar”. It refers to the ability to recognize gay and lesbian people.

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

refers to the characteristics that a society or culture considers as masculine or feminine

defined by Reut Avinun

Gender differences: “typical differences between genders that are specific to a particular culture and influenced by its attitudes and practices. Gender differences emerge in a variety of domains, such as careers, communication, and interpersonal relationships” (APA dictionary, n.d.).Bio-behavioral synchrony: The temporal coordination of behavior, physiology, and/or brain activity between two or more individuals during or shortly after social interaction. The term was coined by Ruth Feldman.

defined by Pascal Vrtička

Gender expression is related to how verbal and non-verbal behaviors are used or interpreted according to gender norms that represent men as masculine and women as feminine.

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

 a person’s sense of the self as female or male, along with the importance placed on gender and the feelings associated with membership in one’s gender group

defined by Jennifer Bosson

Gender inversion refers to the assumption that gay men are similar to heterosexual women and lesbian women are similar to heterosexual men.

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

explicit or implicit rules about what members of a given gender ought and ought not do

defined by Jennifer Bosson

shared beliefs and expectations about the behaviors, traits, qualities, and competencies that are associated with being male or female

defined by Jennifer Bosson

the functional unit of inheritance affecting the expression of one or more traits

defined by Reut Avinun

the phenomenon in which genetically influenced characteristics of the individual are correlated with the behavior or responses of the environment (e.g., parenting)

defined by Reut Avinun

goals with “end states” at the two extremes of overall activity level; a general action goal has an end state of very high motor/cognitive output, and a general inaction goal has an end state of very low motor/cognitive output

defined by Melanie B. Tannenbaum

are variations or mutations in the DNA sequence that geneticists have identified as having some link (or potential link) to hereditary disease or some other human variation

defined by Chris Buchholz

is the total hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in that organism’s DNA; the human genome consists of 3,200,000,000 base pairs of genes

defined by Chris Buchholz

Field of psychology that studies how single parts are perceived as a hole. It describes principles of grouping (e.g. the principle of proximity: elements that are closer to each other are perceived as belonging together), of contour integration and completion, and figure-ground organization.
Reference: J. Wagemans u. a., „A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure–ground organization“, Psychol. Bull., Bd. 138, S. 1172–1217, 2012, doi: 10.1037/a0029333.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

A public good is a shared resource that people contribute to, such as a fund raised by the local community to preserve a forest. See public goods dilemma for a fuller description. A laboratory public good is one simulated in the laboratory, for example using an online experiment. See laboratory social dilemma for a full description. A global laboratory public good is one where decisions about allocating resources affect people in other parts of the world, as opposed to a local laboratory public good where those affected are “local”, for example participants in the same room or living in the same community.

defined by Rachel New

any type of end state, outcome, or objective that people set and are then motivated to pursue through specific behaviors and thoughts

defined by Melanie B. Tannenbaum

the exchange of evaluative information about individuals who are not present

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

The fact that membership in a concept or category like “bowl” varies on a sliding or graded scale.

defined by Alan Jern

refers to successfully adding a contribution to the common ground; when a contribution to a conversation has been grounded it means that both conversation partners recognize it is now part of the shared knowledge or common ground (e.g. someone says "You know Harry had an accident", and someone replies "oh, did he?")

defined by Camiel Beukeboom

refers to an emotion that is based on an appraisal occurring on a group basis; these emotions do not necessarily have to be based on someone's individual experience, but rather on one's group identity

defined by Hans IJzerman

is defined as LeBon`s supernatural force possessing those who dare to join a crowd

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

The group monitoring hypothesis argues that groups may be less affected by impairing factors, such as sleep deprivation, as compared to individuals. In groups, sleep deprived individuals might motivate each other or compensate for errors and decreased performance of other group members.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

the tendency for people, when placed in group situations, to make decisions and form opinions to more of an extreme than when they are in individual situations

defined by Joanna Schug

is that part of the individuals` self-concept that is derived from their group membership(s)

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

The overemphasized harmony and conformity within the group in decision making contexts. This tendency comes at the price of reduced critical thinking and controversy and is likely to result in irrational or dysfunctional decision making.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

means relating to the governor

defined by Theresa DiDonato

Unpleasant emotion that is usually experienced in direct response to specific misconduct and is therefore often associated with responsibility and a tendency to make amends.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

stimuli related to the sense of taste

defined by Anna Sagana

Automatic behavior that occurs without consciously thinking about it

defined by Liesemarie Albers

a garment worn on the upper body that can simulate haptic sensations by using mechanical stimulation (for instance, from vibrating motors or heating elements) to simulate the sensation of being touched

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

includes both tactile sensations that are mediated by the skin, and kinesthetic sensations based on body position and movement, and muscular tensions

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

the proportion of individual differences in a trait or characteristic that is attributable to genetic influences, for example, if a trait is 40% heritable, it means that 40% of the individual differences in this trait can be explained by genetic effects

defined by Reut Avinun

Heteronormativity is the belief that everyone is heterosexual and heterosexuality, as a sexual orientation, is the norm.

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

a mental short cut for finding a generally adequate, if imperfect solution to a problem; for example, when camping it is best to avoid touching plants with leaves in clusters of three and to avoid eating unfamiliar red berries, even though these rules would also suggest staying far away from strawberry plants

defined by Jesse Chandler

mental short-cuts or rules of thumb that save time and effort

defined by Camiel Beukeboom

a term that designates a person of the lower nobility

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

refers to the degree to which the coordination of interaction on an interpersonal task demands energy beyond the amount of energy required to perform the task itself (Finkel et al., 2006)

defined by Tila Pronk

Details that are strongly related to one another. 

defined by Bruna Calado

 an informal term that is often applied to autistic individuals who are not cognitively impaired (i.e. have an average or higher than average IQ)

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

A region of the brain that is part of the limbic system; primarily related to emotion, the autonomic nervous system, and the formation, storage, and processing of memory

defined by Carey Marr

people with a holistic mindset tend to ‘take in the whole picture’ without resorting to formal logic, this mindset is common in East Asia (Nisbett et al., 2001)

defined by Robert Thomson

the tendency for people to marry (or mate with) people with similar backgrounds

defined by Joanna Schug

the tendency for people to like, form relationships, and cluster together with those similar to themselves, as typically studies by sociologists

defined by Joanna Schug

premeditated murder of pre-adolescent, adolescent or adult women, by one or more male members of her immediate or extended family; the male family members create a council to decide on the time and form of execution due to an allegation, suspicion or proof of sexual impropriety by the victim

defined by Cláudia Simão

involves believing in male supremacy in order to avoid being controlled by women

defined by Philippe Bernard

a dress typically worn by Mexican indigenous women; it resembles a large smock and is constructed of several panels of woven cloth

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

includes characteristics shared by all humans that distinguish humans from automata and objects (Haslam, 2006); when this type of humanness is denied to others, we talk about mechanistic dehumanization; when this type of dehumanization occurs, the person is assimilated as an object

defined by Philippe Bernard

pertain to the physical and chemical factors and processes involved in the functions of living persons and their parts

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

(HADD) is a biased perceptual device that makes people particularly sensitive to the presence of intentional agency and biased towards the over-attribution intentional action as the cause of a given state of affairs when data is ambiguous

defined by Arno van Voorst

Central stress response system in humans comprised of the three parts it is named after (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland); communication and feedback between these parts help control the body’s reaction to stress and regulate other body processes (e.g., digestion, moods and emotion, energy storage, etc.)

defined by Carey Marr

the study of the meaning of symbols within paintings; it also reconciles the symbols in paintings with their historical context

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

the witness is confronted with several photos of possible perpetrators; their performance is judged on their ability to correctly identify the perpetrator and reject innocent persons

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

are approaches falling on the liberal-conservative continuum, to understanding politically-relevant issues

defined by Theresa DiDonato

espouses respect for diversity, however, continues to parallel dominant prejudices 

defined by Angela Celebre

reflects respect for cultural diversity and desires integration that allows people to maintain their unique subjectivities 

defined by Angela Celebre

or the illusion of control; the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people perceive to be in control over events; typical examples can be found within the contexts of chance-determined events such as gambling and superstitious beliefs

defined by Bastiaan Rutjens

social media platforms where users share information predominantly through photographs and other images

defined by Bindal Makwana

Imaging techniques: refer to non-invasive methods that allow us to gain insights into brain structure, activity and connectivity. One example is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

defined by Julia Bachmann

sub-goals that specify how you are going to implement your goal; these should give you concrete instructions that help you reach your goal

defined by Suzanne van Gils

detailed behavioral plans which specify the when, where, and how of what one will do to reach a certain goal (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006); normal intentions only specify what one intends to do, for instance, a normal intentions might be “I intend to eat less chocolate”, whereas an implementation intention is much more specific and may look like “If I order a dessert in the restaurant, then I will order a fruit salad (to reach my goal of eating less chocolate)!”

defined by Guido M. van Koningsbruggen

occur automatically, without effort, and without awareness

defined by Theresa DiDonato

is a process by which impressionable young offspring are influenced by visual and auditory stimuli from a parent or foster parent, thereby determining the later behavior of the offspring

defined by Stephen Bertman

a group that provides individuals with a sense of belonging, a shared identity and community

defined by Alba Jasini

if a person has an independent self-construal, they will seek to maintain their independence by focusing on and expressing their unique inner attributes, this mindset is common in American culture (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

defined by Robert Thomson

refers to a cultural worldview that encourages a focus on rights above duties, an emphasis on personal autonomy, uniqueness, self-reliance, and personal independence

defined by Ayse K. Uskul

An approach to interviewing that is information, rather than confession, seeking. It relies on the following: establishing a relationship with the source (rapport), using open-ended questions with the primary intention to obtain truthful information, and uses cognitive cues rather than anxiety based cues for detecting deception. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

“Refers to messages” that one “receives that either explicitly or implicitly convey a heightened sense of risk and threat” (Lebowitz et al., 2016).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

social groups to which an individual feels that he or she belongs, or, in the case of outgroups, towards which an individual feels contempt, opposition, or a desire to compete

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

Norms that convey which behaviours are morally right are injunctive or prescriptive (as opposed to descriptive norms, which describe what most people do). They describe how we ought to behave, rather than how we actually do.

defined by Rachel New

a person with an interdependent self-construal will acknowledge and emphasize the fundamental relatedness of people, and will focus on harmony and fitting in with others, this mindset is common in many Asian cultures (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

defined by Robert Thomson

when groups interact in conflict. It is usually studied when it occurs between the ingroup and the outgroup

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

proposed by Allport (1954) as an effective way to reduce prejudice between majority and minority members

defined by Jim A. C. Everett

the extent to which an individual accepts socially defined ideals of attractiveness and/or thinness and applies these ideals to themselves; results because individuals internalize attitudes that are approved by significant or respected others (i.e., society)

defined by Angela Celebre

These are characteristics that influence how two people relate to one-another

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

an action performed to change the regular situation/ behavior most of the time in a study, but also refers to the act of helping

defined by Janneke Schilder

is a sense of friendship, largely powered by self disclosure; if you have this on its own, then you have a platonic friendship

defined by Alex Gunz

are characterized as being total, protracted, violent, and perceived as being unsolvable and of zero-sum nature (see Bar-Tal, 2007)

defined by Luca Andrighetto

the extent to which an individual has embraced his/her religious beliefs and endeavors to follow them fully

defined by Jonathan Jong

the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings

defined by Anna Sagana

meeting the standardized qualifications for being an acceptable member of a trial jury. Jury-eligible members can be randomly selected from the relevant judicial district and are obligated to serve on a jury unless they are dismissed by the court. In the U.S., these qualifications include being a U.S. citizen, being at least 18 years of age, having sound mental and physical health, being adequately proficient in the English language, and having never been convicted of a felony

defined by Nina Tupper

non-verbal visual cues conveyed by facial movements, limbs movements or overall body movements

defined by Anastassia Blechko

A common resource is one shared by a community, such as a reservoir, forest or air. This can be simulated in the laboratory using money or tokens. See Laboratory social dilemma for a description of how this would be used to simulate behaviour towards the shared resource.

defined by Rachel New

A laboratory-based dilemma often involves computer simulations with several participants (or one participant and several simulated participants). The common pool used in these artificial contexts is often (real) money. If you were a participant, you would be told the size of the pool and how many users there were, and how much you could each take without depleting the resource. You would then have to decide whether to cooperate or take more than your fair share, based partly on your estimate of how likely you think others are to cooperate. Usually all participants decide independently and then are told how much of the pool is left. The experimenters can manipulate factors such as the size of the resource and number of participants, the rate at which the resource becomes depleted and can be replenished and the number of occasions on which the resource can be harvested. Sometimes the experiment may involve a monetary reward, for example if everyone cooperates and the pool is not depleted. The experimenters measure how the participants’ behaviour changes as the simulation continues, depending on what others do. For example, if few cooperate, participants may become more selfish as the simulation continues. In public goods dilemmas, participants are given an initial endowment, which can vary in size; and there may be a minimum collective contribution before the public good can become a reality. Once it does, participants can choose how much to keep contributing to keep the public good going, and again may be rewarded for doing so.

defined by Rachel New

a person without specialized knowledge or professional expertise in a particular subject

defined by Nina Tupper

a person without specialized knowledge or professional expertise in a particular subject

defined by Nina Tupper

A question or statement that contains information that the interviewer wishes to have confirmed or that suggests a particular answer.

defined by Mikaela Magnusson

Legal professionals that are in charge of deciding the course of legal actions, for example judges, juries etc.

defined by Bruna Calado

the process of making something acceptable and normative in a group and/or in society as a whole

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

a rating scale commonly used in questionnaires when researchers want to measure the intensity (of an attitude, for example) or frequency of something; the respondent is asked to indicate their response (generally the level of agreement or disagreement with a statement) on a scale that is considered symmetric or "balanced" because there are equal numbers of positive and negative positions

defined by Anna Sagana

this was a document prepared by special genealogists which certified that the holder had no base blood; originally, in Spain, these documents were designed to guarantee that the person did not have any Jewish, Muslim, or heretic ancestors as well as anyone found guilty of treason or exercising base professions; any one of these taints was considered dishonorable; in the Latin American context, the purity of blood was also racialized by certifying the lack of indigenous or African blood

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

a relationship in which any given change in an independent variable will always produce a corresponding change in the dependent variable

defined by Anna Sagana

a lineup is constructed by placing a person suspected of committing a crime (the suspect) among a collection of innocent people (fillers); an eyewitness is asked to identify the offender from this collection, with a suitable admonition that the offender may not be present

defined by Anna Sagana

the police officer who guides the witness during the lineup identification procedure. S/he provides instructions and takes notes regarding the identification decision

defined by Anna Sagana

an identification decision where the witness decides not to choose anyone in the lineup, indicating that they do not believe the perpetrator of the crime is present

defined by Nina Tupper

an identification decision where the witness decides not to choose anyone in the lineup, indicating that they do not believe the perpetrator of the crime is present

defined by Nina Tupper

a cognitive style of personality trait characterized by a generalized expectancy about the relationship between behavior and the subsequence occurrence of reinforcement in the form of reward or punishment; people with internal locus of control tend to expect reinforcements to be the consequences of their own efforts or behavior, whereas people with external locus of control expect them to be the consequences of chance, luck, fate, or the actions of powerful others

defined by Silvia Barriga

Details that have a weak connection with one another.

defined by Bruna Calado

a lot of psychological research uses the experimental method, which creates different conditions and observes their effect on a measured variable; the creation of the different conditions is called manipulation; psychological experiments manipulate for instance the presence of other people or the presence of specific stimuli or objects

defined by Thomas Schubert

relationships are oriented through proportions, ratios and cost-benefit analyses

defined by Cláudia Simão

the quality of being manly, of embodying or possessing those behaviors, attributes, and activities that a given culture deems appropriate for men

defined by Jennifer Bosson

the spontaneous manifestation of identical or similar inexplicable physical symptoms by multiple people at once

defined by Ted Cascio

refer to those functions of gossip that help individuals learn about their social worlds, allowing individuals to understand and predict events in order to obtain reward

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

The ability to critically engage with messages that are depicted in media like movies, music, books, or pornography.

defined by Malachi Willis

is a hormone that determines eye, hair, and skin color

defined by Chris Buchholz

an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture

defined by Cara Kahl

Memory: the ability to retain information or a representation of past experience, based on the mental processes of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time, and retrieval or reactivation of the memory.

defined by Pascal Vrtička

 contain information about people, objects, and events; they often consist of beliefs, explanations, and sensory memories

defined by Hans IJzerman

the automatic process whereby the mind forms an image of a sensory experience

defined by Ryan Elder

the finding that repeated stimuli are preferred over novel stimuli

defined by Sascha Topolinski

one of the terms proposed for the racial mixture represented by a person with one indigenous and one European or Spanish parent

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

technique that statistically summarizes the findings of several studies which all deal with the same research question

defined by Melanie Sauerland

can be explained in two ways, first, they can be transformations from one entity into another; this can be both within ontological categories or between ontological categories; secondly, they can be narrative poems by Ovid, consisting of fifteen books, which describes the creation and history of the world by drawing from Greek and Roman mythology

defined by Arno van Voorst

a mapping of a physical sensation to similar, or analogical, properties of an abstract concept

defined by Michael Slepian

the process via which researchers assess whether manipulating physiological states (e.g., perceptions, motivations) changes how people think about information related to a dissimilar concept in a way consistent with the relation portrayed by metaphor

defined by Hans IJzerman

a reflexive tendency to adopt the behavior or mannerisms of others

defined by Ted Cascio

the mere act of declaring that a group exists can be enough to make people start treating those in their new ingroup with slight favouritism

defined by Alex Gunz

type of neurons that respond to actions we observe in others

defined by Flora Almosdi, Adrienn Ujhelyi

erroneous or misleading information about details of an event

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

a paradigm in which participants are exposed to an event, subsequently receive misleading information and are then questioned about the initial event

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

twins who share almost 100% of their DNA sequence

defined by Reut Avinun

is the strong and "absolute" individual attitude on a moral issue

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

a complex situation involving a conflict between moral requirements, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another; moral psychologists distinguish between “personal” and “impersonal” moral dilemmas; an example of a personal moral dilemma is the footbridge version of the trolley problem, involving physically pushing someone from a bridge in order to save many others; an example of an impersonal moral dilemma is the switch version of the trolley problem, involving hitting a switch in order to steer the trolley to another track where it kills only one instead many other people; personal moral dilemmas tend to trigger stronger emotional reactions than impersonal ones and thus tend to result in stronger deontological judgments than impersonal moral dilemmas

defined by Lucius Caviola

The class of questions or norms that are considered “moral” as opposed to the set of norms or questions that may be conventions but not moral.

defined by Alan Jern

the extent to which death-related thoughts are mentally activated, such that they affect a person’s behavior

defined by Jonathan Jong

the prevalent expectation that women will bear and raise children

defined by Jennifer Bosson

mental simulation of an action

defined by Ryan Elder

In a multiple-choice recognition test, people indicate which of the presented options they recognize from a past encounter. A prominent example are line ups, in which eyewitnesses have to identify a potential perpetrator among a number of people unrelated to the crime.

defined by Oliver Genschow

A process that occurs when people work together in groups. Mutual stimulation refers to benefiting from the ideas or contributions of other group members. For example, in brainstorming groups, cognitive stimulation can lead group members to think of new ideas, after hearing the ideas of the other group members.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

a continuous sequence of different stimuli (for example: letters) is presented and participants have to continually compare the current stimulus in this sequence with the stimulus n steps back (for example one or two steps) in the n-back paradigm; typically, the subjects are then instructed to react (for example: a manual key press) to a match; the performance in this paradigm (for example: detecting a correct match) acts as an indicator for the executive functions updating of information in working memory

defined by Tilo Strobach

is love of oneself, a term derived from the Greek myth of Narcissus

defined by Stephen Bertman

Biological neuronal networks are clusters of multiple neurons that are connected via synapses. They activate together to perform specific functions. Artificial neural networks are computer models that are inspired by biological neural networks. 
Reference: D. S. Yeung, I. Cloete, D. Shi, and W. W. Y. Ng, Sensitivity Analysis for Neural Networks. Springer Science & Business Media, 2009.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

refers to the use of various techniques to elucidate the relationship between brain activity and certain mental functions

defined by Arne Sjöström

the study of the nervous system, with a particular focus on brain activity

defined by Ryan Elder

a psychological conditions or state characterized by neurosis; also, one of the Big Five personality factors (fundamental dimensions of human personality), ranging from one extreme of neuroticism, including such traits ad nervousness, tenseness, moodiness, and temperamentality, to the opposite extreme of emotional stability

defined by Silvia Barriga

a type of therapist who is following the method in which the client or patient directs the course

defined by Flora Almosdi, Adrienn Ujhelyi

vivid memories that one does not believe to represent genuine past events

defined by Jianqin Wang

Expressions that retain the basic structure of a language in terms of sound and meaning but replace meaningful content words (e.g., nouns, verbs) with plausible pseudo-words. Nonsense speech is also referred to as “pseudo-utterances”.
Reference: M. D. Pell, L. Monetta, S. Paulmann, and S. A. Kotz, “Recognizing Emotions in a Foreign Language,” J Nonverbal Behav, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 107–120, 2009, doi: 10.1007/s10919-008-0065-7.

defined by Zoé Nikolakis, Sebastian Wallot, Oliver Genschow

communication by means other than words; social psychologist sometimes include verbal cues other than the words themselves, such as speech rate or tone, in this category

defined by Thomas Schubert

a sentimental longing for the past

defined by Clay Routledge

 a task that requires the problem-solver to find an exemplar that belongs to two seemingly non-overlapping concepts

defined by Chi-yue Chiu

Learning “about an action’s consequences by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 257). Also known as "modeling."

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

Acquisition of action knowledge by merely observing another person.

defined by Carina Giesen, Markus Janczyk, David Dignath, Roland Pfister, Birte Moeller

stimuli related to the sense of smell

defined by Anna Sagana

basic categories of being or existence which help define entities and types of entities within a certain framework

defined by Arno van Voorst

one of the Big Five personality factors, characterized at the one extreme by such traits as imagination, curiosity, and creativity, and at the other by shallowness and imperceptiveness

defined by Silvia Barriga

A learning process in which the consequences [reward/punishment] of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 240).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

(OLP) a form of synaesthesia in which numbers, letters, days, months or other ordered sequences are assigned personalities

defined by Clare Jonas

prosocial organizational behaviors that are not directly rewarded or part of an employee’s formal job description, but which do contribute to the well-being of the organization

defined by Jeff Joireman

refers to a group with which a person does not identify

defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi

a mammalian hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, which is located near the base of the brain. It is known for stimulating contractions of the uterus during labor and then the production of milk. Recently, studies have confirmed oxytocin’s role in pair bonding and maternal behaviors

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field; in this case a scientific method.     

defined by Bruna Calado

a chronic mental illness, a subtype of schizophrenia, dominated by hallucinations, perceptual disturbances and symptoms of fear

defined by Flora Almosdi, Adrienn Ujhelyi

is a wrench dropped into our emotions. If experienced on its own without any other types of love is considered mere infatuation

defined by Alex Gunz

the set of shared behaviors, norms, and values created and maintained by children through interaction with their peers

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

the extent to which people feel that they agree with one another

defined by Namkje Koudenburg

the interpretation of sensory experiences

defined by Ryan Elder

Perspective taking: “looking at a situation from a viewpoint that is different from one’s usual viewpoint. This may involve adopting the perspective of another person or that associated with a particular social role, as in role play exercises. The term is synonymous with role taking” (APA dictionary, n.d.).

defined by Pascal Vrtička

anxiety disorder; inappropriately exaggerated fear of and therefore avoidance of certain situations or objects

defined by Sarah Mayr

An exaggerated and/or irrational fear: “A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation...out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it” (DSM-5; APA, 2013).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

Objects found at a crime scene, such as fingerprints, footprints, handprints, tool marks, fibers etc. 

defined by Bruna Calado

those energy reserves that stem from physical or physiological states of the body, such as age, fitness, or glucose levels

defined by Shana Cole

This internal consent feeling is associated with the body's automatic response to an engaging or exciting sexual stimulus.

defined by Malachi Willis

is mating based on facial likenesses (a term presumably first used by Griffiths & Kunz, 1973)

defined by Stephen Bertman

improve the processes and functions of (parts of) the body

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

Somewhat similar to a control condition, a placebo is used to determine whether an effect of a substance (or treatment) was indeed caused by that specific treatment. A placebo is a similar looking but ineffectual procedure (e.g., a similar looking and tasting pill). The difference between a placebo condition and treatment condition informs about the specific effect of the treatment. Placebos are used to rule out that an effect is merely driven by expectancy effects of the recipient.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

lower classes, or of the lower classes; it comes from the Roman term for the people: pleb

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

a situation where a majority of group members falsely assumes that nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned. Especially occurs in ambiguous situations

defined by Janneke Schilder

a field within psychology which refers to the scientific study of positive experiences and positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development; it is concerened with well-being and optimal functioning and assumes that these are not equal to the absence of sadness, surrefing, and worry, but also include contentment, joy, and satisfaction, which in turn depend on building up and cultivating positive emotions and strengths

defined by Janina Marguc

"an individual’s relative capacity to modify others’ states by providing or withholding resources or administering punishments" (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003, p. 265)

defined by Thomas Schubert

In a pre-registration, scientists formally document their research ideas, hypotheses, scientific methods and how they will analyze their data before they conduct the actual study. The goal of a pre-registration is to ensure openness and transparency about how a study was intended. Thus, a pre-registration provides proof about the hypothesis of a study before the results are known. Preregistrations have been argued to increase trust in the interpretation of a study even for researchers themselves who might unwittingly change the way they treat their data in light of what it tells them.

defined by Oliver Genschow

the idea that manhood status is widely viewed as both elusive (difficult to achieve) and tenuous (easy to lose)

defined by Jennifer Bosson

any attitude, emotion or behaviour towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies some negativity or antipathy towards that group (Brown, 2011)

defined by Jim A. C. Everett

Prejudice: “a negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. Prejudices can include an affective component (e.g., nervousness, anger, contempt, pity, hatred) and a cognitive component (assumptions and beliefs about groups, including stereotypes). Prejudice is typically manifested behaviorally through discriminatory behavior. Prejudicial attitudes tend to be resistant to change because they distort our perception of information about the target group. Prejudice based on racial grouping is racism; prejudice based on perceived sexual orientation is homophobia and biphobia; prejudice based on sex or gender (including transphobia) is sexism; prejudice based on chronological age is ageism; and prejudice based on disability is ableism” (APA dictionary, n.d.).

defined by Pascal Vrtička

the activation of a mental or cognitive representation by increasing its accessibility (and thus also the likelihood it will be used)

defined by Hans IJzerman

Recall of autobiographical events in conversation is both the product of the speaker and the listener    

defined by Joanne Rechdan

behaviorthat isbeneficial to the community and its residents 

defined by Jenny C. Su

problem Focused coping is directed at finding a solution to resolve a problem; includes cognitions and behaviors that are directed at analyzing and solving a difficulty; it may include "chunking" or breaking a problem into more manageable pieces, seeking information, and considering alternatives, as well as direct action

defined by Silvia Barriga

refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures

defined by Jan-Willem van Prooijen

Refers to the fairness and transparency of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is achieved when individuals feel that they are heard in decisions that affect them and that these decisions are based on fair and transparent criteria.

defined by Birte Siem

The processing fluency shows how easy it is for our brain to process a stimulus. Easier to process stimuli and information are retrieved from memory faster, (aesthetically) preferred, and judged as more true.
Reference: A. L. Alter and D. M. Oppenheimer, „Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation“, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev., Bd. 13, Nr. 3, S. 219–235, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1177/1088868309341564.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

the tendency to postpone (unpleasant) tasks in favor for more pleasurable tasks, sometimes to the “last minute” before reaching a deadline

defined by Amir Ghoniem

Voluntary delay of an important and/or planned task, which is often unpleasant (see procrastinate)

defined by Liesemarie Albers

even if we read something silently, our articulation system (the mouth) is engaged, like in an inner speech

defined by Sascha Topolinski

Voluntary helpful behaviour that has positive consequences for other people

defined by Sarah Mayr

are a series of studies in which researchers ask people to list words associated with a particular subject and then rate the most frequently listed words for how central (or prototypical) they are to the subject, for example, if asked to list words associated with fruit, frequently appearing, centrally rated words might include: apple, orange, and banana; whereas, infrequent or non-central words might include: kiwi, star fruit, and kumquat

defined by Greg Strong

An early form of psychotherapy, it aims to increase a person’s “awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning”; such insights help free the person from “unconscious influences,” and as a result, problematic symptoms diminish (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 656).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

originating from the mind

defined by Ted Cascio

a positive emotional response and connection towards a person, place, or object

defined by Jenny C. Su

The internal discomfort people might experience when doing something against their beliefs or values. Psychological costs can mean to feel shame or guilt, or to doubt one’s positive self-image. Such costs can keep people from doing something immoral or undesirable, even when no one witnesses the behavior, to prevent feeling bad about oneself afterwards.

defined by Janina Steinmetz

a person’s overall mental condition

defined by Clay Routledge

those energy reserves that stem from psychological or mental states of the body, such as motivations, desires, and feelings of energization

defined by Shana Cole

an experience or situation that undermines psychological health and has the potential to lead to distress

defined by Clay Routledge

posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition that can occur after a traumatic event like war, assault, or disaster; symptoms include disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance of memories of the event, etc.

defined by Jianqin Wang

Whereas commons dilemmas involve taking from a resource, public goods dilemmas involve giving to a resource. Environmental examples include: increased taxes to improve local recycling facilities, and voluntary contributions or time to preserve local wildlife. If an individual does not contribute, she may still free-ride and benefit from the public good, but if no one contributes, the resource will either fail to come into existence or fail to flourish. (See laboratory social dilemmas for a description of how this works experimentally.)

defined by Rachel New

Publication bias refers to the effect that the outcome of a study can influence the likelihood of being published. If only “positive”, statistically significant results are published in scientific journals and studies with negative and inconclusive results remain unknown, the overall strength of a finding is in doubt. One reason for publication bias might be that researchers forego to publish results that are not statistically significant, because they regard them as less interesting. Inconclusive results may also have a diminished chance to be accepted by scientific journals. Pre-registration of research has been proposed as one means to combat publication bias.

defined by Oliver Genschow

the stated likelihood that someone will buy a product in the future

defined by Ryan Elder

a property of a sensory experience, such as blueness or sweetness

defined by Clare Jonas

This internal consent feeling is associated with a confidence that one is prepared to engage in a sexual encounter.

defined by Malachi Willis

These involve the real life collective management of natural resources, including shared forests, water, air, energy and fish. They also cover more general behaviours such as recycling which are still dilemmas about natural resources, but perhaps not in such an obvious way. In the case of recycling, think of the consequences: energy usage, landfill, and air pollution are reduced, and natural resources such as forests are preserved (Benefits of Recycling, 2014). Similar variables to laboratory social dilemmas are be manipulated, such as the effect on electricity usage of giving people instant feedback about their electricity consumption; or whether providing opportunities to communicate and work together to decide how to share the wood in a forest can prevent overuse. Benefits of Recycling (2014). Retrieved on July 21, 2014 from www.benefits-of-recycling.com/helptheenvironmentbyrecycling

defined by Rachel New

refers to the idea that we dislike people with whom we are competing for resources (food, jobs, silver cups, electoral districts)

defined by Alex Gunz

people are supposed to state everything they do remember (e.g, details of an event or words from a studied list)

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

people are confronted with details (e.g., a list of words) they have previously encountered or not. For each detail they have to indicate whether they remember it or not

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

vivid mental images, sounds, details, etc, of a memory

defined by Jianqin Wang

traumatic memories that were once forgotten but later were remembered or ‘recovered’

defined by Jianqin Wang

This is the most widely used police training methods on interviews and interrogations in the United States. It was developed by polygraph expert John Reid and colleagues.

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

the real or perceived connection, dependency, influence or involvement between two or more things

defined by Cara Kahl

the extent to which people have the opportunity to select new relationship partners

defined by Jenny C. Su

states that people are inherently social animals who organize their lives in terms of their relationships with others. These relationships are culture-specific implementations of four types of basic social bonds. Communal sharing is one type of such a bond

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

Motives for approaching and connecting with others.

defined by Matteo Masi, Yael Bar-Shachar

is the perception and / or experience of lacking something that one feels entitled to

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

judgment that is based on comparisons between different options (i.e., persons), rather than of a presented person and one’s memory of the perpetrator; it bears the hazard of choosing the person that most resembles the perpetrator (cf. absolute judgment)

defined by Melanie Sauerland

information in eyewitness accounts that is recalled (and reported) at a later time, but not during a previous attempt (Fisher, Brewer, & Mitchell, 2009)

defined by Nina Tupper

information in eyewitness accounts that is recalled (and reported) at a later time, but not during a previous attempt (Fisher, Brewer, & Mitchell, 2009)

defined by Nina Tupper

Being able to replicate earlier scientific findings is a cornerstone of science. Based on the methods described in the original publication, independent researchers should be able to conduct a study that reaches similar conclusions.

defined by Oliver Genschow

In 2015, a collaboration of 270 scientists published the results of a large attempt to investigate systematically to what extent earlier findings in psychology can be replicated. They selected 100 studies of three important scientific journals and conducted close replications. About one-third to one-half of the findings in the replications matched the results of the original studies. Reference: Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological. Science, 349, aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716

defined by Oliver Genschow

the frequency with which individuals change their residence

defined by Jenny C. Su

Viewing a to-be-remembered stimulus multiple times before a test

defined by Carey Marr

Accessing previously encoded and stored events or information from your brain

defined by Carey Marr

Being tested on a to-be-remembered stimulus multiple times before the real test

defined by Carey Marr

Phenomenon whereby recalling certain details strengthens a person’s memory for those details, at the expense of memory for related but non-retrieved details

defined by Joanne Rechdan

the infliction of harm in return for a perceived wrong

defined by Arne Sjöström

is passion plus intimacy; maybe you’re not thinking past the current wonderful moment, but for now you’re buckled into an emotional rollercoaster with a lovely friend, nice!

defined by Alex Gunz

unverified pieces of information that are transmitted from person to person and are relevant to public concern; generally arise under circumstances of ambiguity and/or threat

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

This internal consent feeling is associated with a calm assurance that everything will be okay. It reflects the absence of worry or distress regarding a sexual encounter.

defined by Malachi Willis

anxiety over whether or not a person has obtained salvation, especially referring to Calvinists

defined by Jonathan Jong

Group of people drawn from a population—or larger group of people—that are recruited to participate in a research study.

defined by Malachi Willis

a mental or cognitive representation that captures general characteristics of a class of episodes, events, or individuals

defined by Hans IJzerman

Stored in long-term memory, schemas help us automatically “perceive, organize, process, and use information,” by guiding “our attention to an environment’s relevant features” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 280). For example, a schema of what an interaction with a teller at a bank should look like, helps one pay attention to only what does not fit the schema, such as unprofessional behavior by the teller.

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

the perceived relevance of others at work in the decision over whether to apply the same fairness rules to them that are applicable to us (included) or different fairness rules that are applicable to others (excluded)

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

(SPOT) is the training program developed by Professor Ekman in collaboration with Rafi Ron, former chief security officer of the Israeli Airport Authority; it has been introduced by the Transportation Safety Authority (TSA) in the US and the British Aircrafts Authority (BAA) in England; the program aims to use observational techniques to single out individuals for additional inspection based on unusual, anxious or frightened behavior exhibited by passengers at screening checkpoints

defined by Anastassia Blechko

an area within psychology that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats (social ecology), and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior

defined by Jenny C. Su

the psychological state in which attention is focused inward, on the self, rather than on external environment and stimuli

defined by Leila Selimbegović

the individual’s perception of the characteristics of the self such as physical features, personality traits, social roles, skills, goals, values and hobbies

defined by Alba Jasini

refers to a goal that is chosen because the person wants to reach it for reasons that are internal to the person; self-concordant goals are not externally motivated, the goal is not chosen because somebody else wants the person to reach it

defined by Suzanne van Gils

Emotions one feels primarily about oneself or one's actions. For example, one feels pride or shame because of one’s achievements or failures.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

the ability to control one's emotions, behavior, and desires in order to obtain an overarching reward, or avoid punishment; presumably, some (smaller) reward or punishment is operating in the short term which precludes, or reduces, the later reward or punishment

defined by Marieke van Egmond

sharing sensitive information about yourself with another person

defined by Robert Thomson

the belief that one has the capabilities to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations; unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in essence, competence), self-efficacy is the belief (whether or not accurate) that one has the power to produce that effect

defined by Silvia Barriga

an individual’s overall subjective evaluation of his or her own worth

defined by Bindal Makwana

Deliberately acting against an original plan or goal because of having a justification or an excuse to do so

defined by Liesemarie Albers

(SOQ; Noll & Fredrikson, 1998) in this questionnaire, participants have to rank 10 body attributes in order of importance to their own self-concept; half of them pertain to physical appearance, and the other half are based of physical competence; positive scores indicate greater self-objectification (i.e., greater emphasis on physical appearance rather than on physical competence)

defined by Philippe Bernard

the state of each element adjusts to the current state of other elements to which it is connected in a dynamical system consisting of inter-connected elements

defined by Jay Michaels

is perception of the self as an individual or group member (in the context of self-categorization processes)

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

refers to the self’s executive function, which makes decisions, initiates actions, and in other ways exerts control over both the self and the environment (Baumeister, 1998)

defined by Tila Pronk

refers to the internal resources available to inhibit, override or alter responses into goal-directed behaviour (Schmeichel & Baumeister, 2004)

defined by Tila Pronk

a photograph that one takes of oneself   

defined by Bindal Makwana

regulates the self in a goal-directed manner (Baumeister, 1998)

defined by Tila Pronk

semantic priming is an effect in which exposure to a stimulus unconsciously influences responses to a later conceptually related stimulus; semantic priming is assumed to occur because thinking about an idea leads other related ideas to also come to mind; semantic priming is known to influence the speed at which similar words are recognized; just as seeing the word spider presented on a screen makes it easier to recognize the word spider if it is presented a second time, seeing the word spider also makes it easier to recognize words like web, or venom; semantic priming is also known to influence how people interpret ambiguous stimuli; for example, after reading the word spider over and over again a slight brushing sensation against your foot may be interpreted as something about to run up your leg

defined by Jesse Chandler

detection of stimuli using the senses

defined by Ryan Elder

lineup procedure in which one lineup member is presented after another; there is no option to go back in the process and once a positive identification has been made, the lineup is stopped; the method is meant to support absolute judgments

defined by Melanie Sauerland

the biological features that distinguish male and female members of a species

defined by Jennifer Bosson

People define sexual activity differently from study to study. Comprehensive definitions include any behavior that might be sexually arousing, such as making out, genital touching, oral sex, vaginal penetration.

defined by Malachi Willis

Tactics, such as pressuring or nagging, to persuade people to engage in unwanted sexual activity.

defined by Malachi Willis

Agreeing or consenting to unwanted sexual activity.

defined by Malachi Willis

describes the influence of early imprinting on one’s future mate preferences

defined by Stephen Bertman

Sexual orientation is defined depending on who a person is physically and emotionally attracted to (for differences on gender, sex, sexual/romantic attraction and sexual orientation see http://itspronouncedmetrosexual.com/2012/01/the-genderbread-person).

defined by Fabio Fasoli, Peter Hegarty

Aversive emotion that often goes hand in hand with a feeling of inadequacy and that we feel when our self-image (in the broadest sense) does not match the image that other people or we have of ourselves due to certain circumstances (e.g., specific behavior).

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

perception is the process by which we take in and understand our surroundings. A shared perception is a perception that two or more people agree upon, they have a shared understanding of some object or event

defined by Lena Låstad

The subjective experience of having something in common with another person in terms of feelings, beliefs, or opinions. It can be target-specific, that is, about a single target object, or generalized, that is, about the world in general.

defined by Matteo Masi, Yael Bar-Shachar

or sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that causes the red blood cells to be malformed (i.e., in a sickle shape); this disease leads to oxygen deprivation of cells in the body, resulting in a decreased lifespan of 40-50 years

defined by Chris Buchholz

significant: above chance. In statistics, differences between two measures are considered significant if they deviate from chance beyond a predetermined threshold (usually with a maximum error probability of 5%).
 
defined by Timon Gebbers & Joris Van Ouytsel

defined by Pascal Vrtička

the tendency for people to like similar others, as typically studied by psychologists

defined by Joanna Schug

occur through simulators, which store information about a specific event in its absence; for example, when we think about being away from others, our skin temperature may decrease, because of the cold and chilly feeling that results from social exclusion (see also Barsalou, 1999)

defined by Hans IJzerman

Physical symptoms such as nausea and dizziness that can occur when using virtual reality glasses

defined by Sarah Mayr

lineup procedure in which all lineup members are presented at once; the method is meant to support relative judgments

defined by Melanie Sauerland

cues provided by environmental forces regarding the desirability of potential behaviors within particular situations; strong situations (situations where situational strength is high) the situation will dictate your behavior; weak situations (situations where situational strength is low) are characterized by little structure and therefore allow more ambiguity with respect to what behaviors to perform

defined by Marieke van Egmond

general term for shared perceptions within an organization regarding the general work environment, referred to as organizational climate, or a specific domain, e.g. climate for service, safety climate, or job insecurity climate

defined by Lena Låstad

the study of how people think about, represent, and make sense of their social environment

defined by Hans IJzerman

the process of evaluating oneself by comparing one’s abilities or opinions with those of similar others

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

a phenomenon, idea or category that has social or cultural origins

defined by Hans IJzerman

The spread of a memory from one person to others through verbal interaction

defined by Joanne Rechdan

refers to the coordination of one’s actions with the actions of another person in completing a task together (Reis & Collins, 2004); all social activities require coordination and the efficiency of this coordination to a great extend influences the performance (Kelley, Holmes, Kerr, Reis, Rusbult, & Van Lange, 2003)

defined by Tila Pronk

was a theory put forward near the end of the 19th century that suggested competition between individuals, groups, and cultures naturally leads to the social and genetic evolution of those societies; based on Darwin’s notion of "survival of the fittest", some advocates of Social Darwinism argued that members of "less advanced" cultures were genetically inferior; this theory became the foundation for the Eugenics Movement

defined by Chris Buchholz

situations in which short-term individual interests are at odds with long-term collective interests

defined by Jeff Joireman

a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties; social exchange theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives

defined by Arno van Voorst

an activity in which members of a group clean one another’s fur; the main benefits of the activity are social – strengthening the bond between the grooming partners – rather than hygienic

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

We belong to multiple groups, either by birth or by choice. Examples of social group memberships are our religious and political affiliations, our gender, our ethnicity, the football team we support and the local community in which we live.

defined by Rachel New

is that part of individuals` self-concept that derived from their "knowledge of their membership in a social group (or groups) together with the value and the emotional significance of that membership" (Tajfel, 1981, p. 255)

defined by Martijn van Zomeren

posits that people have a need for positive social identity which requires them to establish a positively valued distinctiveness for their own group compared to other groups (Turner & Reynolds, 2003)

defined by Hans IJzerman

the image of a person in a group; it is the overall evaluation that the others give about the characteristics of the self

defined by Alba Jasini

Reduced motivation in group tasks. Social loafing occurs when group members have the feeling that their individual contribution to the group task is not identifiable and has no strong impact. Social loafing harms group performance.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

technology that allows users to share personal information and other forms of expression via virtual communities

defined by Bindal Makwana

an interdisciplinary field that uses techniques and methods from cognitive neuroscience to investigate questions about brain mechanisms underlying social processes

defined by Joe Moran

largely unwritten group-held beliefs about how members should behave in a given context

defined by Marieke van Egmond

refers to information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations. It is one of the effective ways by which people can cope with stressful events

defined by Ayse K. Uskul

vrefers to a social entity composed of more than one part; these parts in turn represent the smallest social unit in the system and they are in a particular relation to one another; a social system can also be connected to other social systems

defined by Cara Kahl

the extent to which people feel that their opinions are right, justified and shared among other people

defined by Namkje Koudenburg

the process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society

defined by Marieke van Egmond

an approach to psychology (the science of mind and behavior) that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior (Oishi & Graham, 2010, p. 1)

defined by Robert Thomson

an area within psychology that investigates how mind and behavior are shaped in part by their natural and social habitats (social ecology), and how natural and social habitats are in turn shaped partly by mind and behavior

defined by Jenny C. Su

A person’s position or status within society. It is often derived from a combination of income or wealth (economic status), education (social status), and occupation (professional recognition).

defined by Birte Siem

insulting the source of a persuasive message, dismissing their expertise or trustworthiness, or otherwise rejecting their validity; used as a strategy for resisting persuasion 

defined by Angela Celebre

One’s ability to identify the origin of remembered information

defined by Joanne Rechdan

the reduction in happiness that gains from enacting desires that conflict with goals compared to enacting non-conflicting desires 

defined by Amir Ghoniem

internally generated false memories

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

Memories involve three distinct processes: 1) encoding, in which we take in and process the information, 2) consolidation (also known as storage), in which we convert this information from short-term to long-term knowledge, and 3) retrieval, in which we recall the previously-learned information

defined by Carey Marr

a boost in performance caused by comparing oneself to a negatively stereotyped group (Walton & Cohen, 2003)

defined by Jessica Cundiff

a situational threat whereby an individual is concerned with being viewed as conforming to a negative stereotype associated with their group ( Steele, 1997)

defined by Jessica Cundiff

are beliefs that result from thinking about people categorically; traits attributed to all members of a social group such as Whites or Blacks without considering that some members of that group may not possess those traits

defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi

Difficult to define and perhaps context dependent, it is generally any sensory event that has the potential to elicit a reaction (response) from an organism, like a flash of light or a sound (for a detailed analysis, see Gibson, 1960).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

Transient episodic linkage between perceived stimuli/stimulus features and executed responses. Stimulus-response bindings persist for about 2 to 6 seconds and can be accessed and retrieved in that time frame upon stimulus (feature) repetition, which will retrieve and reactivate the previously executed response. Ultimately, reactivated responses can be executed quickly.

defined by Carina Giesen, Markus Janczyk, David Dignath, Roland Pfister, Birte Moeller

the finding that we automatically read words that are presented to us, even if our task does not require reading the word

defined by Sascha Topolinski

non-verbal visual cues represented by facial or body features, or generally appearance

defined by Anastassia Blechko

a small goal that will make you achieve part of your superordinate goal; subgoals help you to cut your plans into pieces and attaining your superordinate goal step-by-step

defined by Suzanne van Gils

an individual's cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life

defined by Jenny C. Su

false memories that occur in response to external pressure or misinformation

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

Interview questions that coerce the interviewee to respond accordingly to what the interviewer wants.

defined by Bruna Calado

an agent that possess abilities that exceed the intuitively expected limitations or normal agents

defined by Jonathan Jong

the goal you want to reach in the end, your main goal; superordinate goals may consist of several subgoals

defined by Suzanne van Gils

An identity that encompasses several subordinate groups, such as a national identity that includes all regional identities (such as Londoners, Northerners, etc in the UK). We are able to identify with both the subordinate and the superordinate group simultaneously, such as being a British Muslim, where Muslims are an international group.

defined by Rachel New

refers to disliking a group, while simultaneously believing that egalitarianism is a virtue; prejudiced behavior might be exacerbated for such people in situations that remind them of the others’ perceived shortcomings, and attenuated in situations that remind them of their belief that we’re all part of the great siblinghood of homo sapien sapien

defined by Alex Gunz

a neurological condition in which a perception in one sense leads to a sensation in a different sense, or a different aspect of the same sense

defined by Clare Jonas

temporal, rhythmic and smoothly meshed coordination between conversants

defined by Namkje Koudenburg

means “pertaining to the sense of touch”. Tactile experiences are one type of haptic sensory information

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

used to examine the sequential handling of different component tasks (in comparison to simultaneous tasks in the dual-task paradigm); this paradigm includes trials with repeated tasks and trials with shifts between tasks; the typical performance costs under the condition of a task switch in comparison to task repetitions (for example: longer response times; switch costs) are an indicator of using the executive function “shifting“; this function is associated with the flexible configuration of the cognitive system during the shift between different tasks

defined by Tilo Strobach

A model proposed by Kelly et al., 2013 with the intention to explain the interactive relationship between interrogation domains and their corresponding techniques. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

thinking in terms of purpose and meaning, even when it is inappropriate or inaccurate to do so

defined by Jonathan Jong

a desire that conflicts with a person’s values, standards or goals

defined by Amir Ghoniem

assumption that humans, among other animals, seek social support and protect their offspring when under threat

defined by Lucius Caviola

studies that compare the similarity of a certain behavior between identical (monozygotic) and non-identical (dizygotic) twins; the comparison leads to estimates of the genetic and environmental contributions to the differences in the behavior examined (e.g., children’s personality characteristics, the parenting that the child receives)

defined by Reut Avinun

the ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc., to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one's own

defined by Arno van Voorst

pertain to activations of neurons in the brain that are evoked by threatening situations

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

Variations in pitch, loudness, rhythm, voice quality and tempo (rate of speaking) during speech. The tone of voice is also referred to as “prosody”.
References:R. L. Trask and P. Stockwell, Language and linguistics: The key concepts /  R.L. Trask ; edited by Peter Stockwell, 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2007.G. Chronaki, M. Wigelsworth, M. D. Pell, and S. A. Kotz, “The development of cross-cultural recognition of vocal emotion during childhood and adolescence,” Scientific reports, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 8659, 2018, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26889-1.

defined by Zoé Nikolakis, Sebastian Wallot, Oliver Genschow

such as massage therapy use the beneficial effects of touch to treat health problems or psychological disorders

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

in psychology, refers to an attribute or quality exhibited by a person. Importantly, traits are constant, or stable, over time and situations

defined by Cara Kahl

a technique that scientists use to briefly increase or decrease activity in particular brain regions, by introducing brief magnetic pulses across the scalp. These pulses cause electrical changes in targeted brain areas

defined by Joe Moran

When classical conditioning results in learning after only one pairing of two stimuli, it may be called traumatic conditioning (McLeod et al., 2013).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

This is the hypothesis that two streams exist for processing visual stimuli. The dorsal stream starts at the primary visual cortex and ends at the posterior parietal cortex. It plays a role in spatial processing and motor actions, such as grasping. It is also called the “where pathway”. The ventral stream also starts at the visual cortex but ends in the inferior temporal cortex. It processes visual features, such as color, shape, and texture. That is why it is sometimes called the ”what pathway”.
Reference: M. W. Eysenck, Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Taylor & Francis, 2000.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

“A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 227).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

“A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning” (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 227).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

states that revenge can only be satisfactory when the offender understands it as a response to his/her prior (wrong) behavior

defined by Arne Sjöström

characteristics distinguish humans from animals; when uniquely human characteristics are denied, we talk about animalistic dehumanization (i.e., the target is perceived as an animal)

defined by Philippe Bernard

theory in moral philosophy suggesting the right thing to do is whatever maximizes aggregate wellbeing

defined by Lucius Caviola

Changes in the time interval between successive heartbeats, originating from increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is the primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system. 

defined by Maša Iskra, Caterina Salvotti, Nina Zammit

the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group (for example, social equality, fairness and helpfulness are values)

defined by Marieke van Egmond

a function of attitudes that allows an individual to express his or her self-concept and central values 

defined by Angela Celebre

brain area located in the frontal lobe, is implicated in the inhibition of emotional processes, decision-making, and the processing of risk and fear

defined by Lucius Caviola

The vicarious emotion of embarrassment. Typically, it is felt for another person in an embarrassing situation when that other person shows no signs of embarrassment and is unaware of the norm violation causing the embarrassment.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

Emotions one feels on behalf of someone else. For example, one can be ashamed for someone else.

defined by Thomas Feiler, Fabian Hutmacher

Computer-generated three-dimensional environment with which users can interact thanks to special input and output devices (usually VR glasses)

defined by Sarah Mayr

mental maps of numbers in particular spatial positions

defined by Clare Jonas

the ratio between the circumference of the waist to the circumference of the hips. It is an indicator of weight, physical fitness, and the risk of developing serious health conditions; higher waist to hip ratios are associated with poorer health and fitness

defined by Shana Cole

means being friendly, helpful, sincere, trustworthy, and moral

defined by Abdolhossein Abdollahi

a stressor that is related to the work context. Some examples of work stressors include: job insecurity, role overload, interpersonal conflict, and lack of autonomy

defined by Lena Låstad

A part of human memory that is responsible for processing information. Information in the working memory is available for a very short period only. The information is not “stored” in this memory system but processed, for example, used to solve problems or make judgments and decisions.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

a specialized agency of the United Nations that seeks to coordinate international health activities and to help set evidence-based policy standards through research and health trend assessment

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

the attempt to defend or bolster one’s own or one’s group’s beliefs and practices and/or denigrate those of others'

defined by Jonathan Jong