Glossary

the study of the meaning of symbols within paintings; it also reconciles the symbols in paintings with their historical context

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

the witness is confronted with several photos of possible perpetrators; their performance is judged on their ability to correctly identify the perpetrator and reject innocent persons

defined by Nathalie Brackmann

are approaches falling on the liberal-conservative continuum, to understanding politically-relevant issues

defined by Theresa DiDonato

espouses respect for diversity, however, continues to parallel dominant prejudices 

defined by Angela Celebre

reflects respect for cultural diversity and desires integration that allows people to maintain their unique subjectivities 

defined by Angela Celebre

or the illusion of control; the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people perceive to be in control over events; typical examples can be found within the contexts of chance-determined events such as gambling and superstitious beliefs

defined by Bastiaan Rutjens

social media platforms where users share information predominantly through photographs and other images

defined by Bindal Makwana

Imaging techniques: refer to non-invasive methods that allow us to gain insights into brain structure, activity and connectivity. One example is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

defined by Julia Bachmann

sub-goals that specify how you are going to implement your goal; these should give you concrete instructions that help you reach your goal

defined by Suzanne van Gils

detailed behavioral plans which specify the when, where, and how of what one will do to reach a certain goal (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006); normal intentions only specify what one intends to do, for instance, a normal intentions might be “I intend to eat less chocolate”, whereas an implementation intention is much more specific and may look like “If I order a dessert in the restaurant, then I will order a fruit salad (to reach my goal of eating less chocolate)!”

defined by Guido M. van Koningsbruggen

occur automatically, without effort, and without awareness

defined by Theresa DiDonato

is a process by which impressionable young offspring are influenced by visual and auditory stimuli from a parent or foster parent, thereby determining the later behavior of the offspring

defined by Stephen Bertman

a group that provides individuals with a sense of belonging, a shared identity and community

defined by Alba Jasini

if a person has an independent self-construal, they will seek to maintain their independence by focusing on and expressing their unique inner attributes, this mindset is common in American culture (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

defined by Robert Thomson

refers to a cultural worldview that encourages a focus on rights above duties, an emphasis on personal autonomy, uniqueness, self-reliance, and personal independence

defined by Ayse K. Uskul

An approach to interviewing that is information, rather than confession, seeking. It relies on the following: establishing a relationship with the source (rapport), using open-ended questions with the primary intention to obtain truthful information, and uses cognitive cues rather than anxiety based cues for detecting deception. 

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

“Refers to messages” that one “receives that either explicitly or implicitly convey a heightened sense of risk and threat” (Lebowitz et al., 2016).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

social groups to which an individual feels that he or she belongs, or, in the case of outgroups, towards which an individual feels contempt, opposition, or a desire to compete

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

Norms that convey which behaviours are morally right are injunctive or prescriptive (as opposed to descriptive norms, which describe what most people do). They describe how we ought to behave, rather than how we actually do.

defined by Rachel New

a person with an interdependent self-construal will acknowledge and emphasize the fundamental relatedness of people, and will focus on harmony and fitting in with others, this mindset is common in many Asian cultures (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

defined by Robert Thomson

when groups interact in conflict. It is usually studied when it occurs between the ingroup and the outgroup

defined by Aline Lima-Nunes

proposed by Allport (1954) as an effective way to reduce prejudice between majority and minority members

defined by Jim A. C. Everett

the extent to which an individual accepts socially defined ideals of attractiveness and/or thinness and applies these ideals to themselves; results because individuals internalize attitudes that are approved by significant or respected others (i.e., society)

defined by Angela Celebre

These are characteristics that influence how two people relate to one-another

defined by Katherine Hoogesteyn

an action performed to change the regular situation/ behavior most of the time in a study, but also refers to the act of helping

defined by Janneke Schilder

is a sense of friendship, largely powered by self disclosure; if you have this on its own, then you have a platonic friendship

defined by Alex Gunz

are characterized as being total, protracted, violent, and perceived as being unsolvable and of zero-sum nature (see Bar-Tal, 2007)

defined by Luca Andrighetto

the extent to which an individual has embraced his/her religious beliefs and endeavors to follow them fully

defined by Jonathan Jong

the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings

defined by Anna Sagana