Glossary

A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field; in this case a scientific method.     

defined by Bruna Calado

a chronic mental illness, a subtype of schizophrenia, dominated by hallucinations, perceptual disturbances and symptoms of fear

defined by Flora Almosdi, Adrienn Ujhelyi

is a wrench dropped into our emotions. If experienced on its own without any other types of love is considered mere infatuation

defined by Alex Gunz

the set of shared behaviors, norms, and values created and maintained by children through interaction with their peers

defined by Ashley Waggoner Denton

the extent to which people feel that they agree with one another

defined by Namkje Koudenburg

the interpretation of sensory experiences

defined by Ryan Elder

Perspective taking: “looking at a situation from a viewpoint that is different from one’s usual viewpoint. This may involve adopting the perspective of another person or that associated with a particular social role, as in role play exercises. The term is synonymous with role taking” (APA dictionary, n.d.).

defined by Pascal Vrtička

anxiety disorder; inappropriately exaggerated fear of and therefore avoidance of certain situations or objects

defined by Sarah Mayr

An exaggerated and/or irrational fear: “A persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation...out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation that results in a compelling desire to avoid it” (DSM-5; APA, 2013).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

Objects found at a crime scene, such as fingerprints, footprints, handprints, tool marks, fibers etc. 

defined by Bruna Calado

those energy reserves that stem from physical or physiological states of the body, such as age, fitness, or glucose levels

defined by Shana Cole

This internal consent feeling is associated with the body's automatic response to an engaging or exciting sexual stimulus.

defined by Malachi Willis

is mating based on facial likenesses (a term presumably first used by Griffiths & Kunz, 1973)

defined by Stephen Bertman

improve the processes and functions of (parts of) the body

defined by Mandy Tjew A Sin

Somewhat similar to a control condition, a placebo is used to determine whether an effect of a substance (or treatment) was indeed caused by that specific treatment. A placebo is a similar looking but ineffectual procedure (e.g., a similar looking and tasting pill). The difference between a placebo condition and treatment condition informs about the specific effect of the treatment. Placebos are used to rule out that an effect is merely driven by expectancy effects of the recipient.

defined by Jan Alexander Häusser

lower classes, or of the lower classes; it comes from the Roman term for the people: pleb

defined by Sonya Lipsett-Rivera

a situation where a majority of group members falsely assumes that nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned. Especially occurs in ambiguous situations

defined by Janneke Schilder

a field within psychology which refers to the scientific study of positive experiences and positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development; it is concerened with well-being and optimal functioning and assumes that these are not equal to the absence of sadness, surrefing, and worry, but also include contentment, joy, and satisfaction, which in turn depend on building up and cultivating positive emotions and strengths

defined by Janina Marguc

"an individual’s relative capacity to modify others’ states by providing or withholding resources or administering punishments" (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003, p. 265)

defined by Thomas Schubert

In a pre-registration, scientists formally document their research ideas, hypotheses, scientific methods and how they will analyze their data before they conduct the actual study. The goal of a pre-registration is to ensure openness and transparency about how a study was intended. Thus, a pre-registration provides proof about the hypothesis of a study before the results are known. Preregistrations have been argued to increase trust in the interpretation of a study even for researchers themselves who might unwittingly change the way they treat their data in light of what it tells them.

defined by Oliver Genschow

the idea that manhood status is widely viewed as both elusive (difficult to achieve) and tenuous (easy to lose)

defined by Jennifer Bosson

any attitude, emotion or behaviour towards members of a group, which directly or indirectly implies some negativity or antipathy towards that group (Brown, 2011)

defined by Jim A. C. Everett

Prejudice: “a negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group. Prejudices can include an affective component (e.g., nervousness, anger, contempt, pity, hatred) and a cognitive component (assumptions and beliefs about groups, including stereotypes). Prejudice is typically manifested behaviorally through discriminatory behavior. Prejudicial attitudes tend to be resistant to change because they distort our perception of information about the target group. Prejudice based on racial grouping is racism; prejudice based on perceived sexual orientation is homophobia and biphobia; prejudice based on sex or gender (including transphobia) is sexism; prejudice based on chronological age is ageism; and prejudice based on disability is ableism” (APA dictionary, n.d.).

defined by Pascal Vrtička

the activation of a mental or cognitive representation by increasing its accessibility (and thus also the likelihood it will be used)

defined by Hans IJzerman

Recall of autobiographical events in conversation is both the product of the speaker and the listener    

defined by Joanne Rechdan

behaviorthat isbeneficial to the community and its residents 

defined by Jenny C. Su

problem Focused coping is directed at finding a solution to resolve a problem; includes cognitions and behaviors that are directed at analyzing and solving a difficulty; it may include "chunking" or breaking a problem into more manageable pieces, seeking information, and considering alternatives, as well as direct action

defined by Silvia Barriga

refers to the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures

defined by Jan-Willem van Prooijen

Refers to the fairness and transparency of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is achieved when individuals feel that they are heard in decisions that affect them and that these decisions are based on fair and transparent criteria.

defined by Birte Siem

The processing fluency shows how easy it is for our brain to process a stimulus. Easier to process stimuli and information are retrieved from memory faster, (aesthetically) preferred, and judged as more true.
Reference: A. L. Alter and D. M. Oppenheimer, „Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation“, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev., Bd. 13, Nr. 3, S. 219–235, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1177/1088868309341564.

defined by Sophie G. Elschner

the tendency to postpone (unpleasant) tasks in favor for more pleasurable tasks, sometimes to the “last minute” before reaching a deadline

defined by Amir Ghoniem

Voluntary delay of an important and/or planned task, which is often unpleasant (see procrastinate)

defined by Liesemarie Albers

even if we read something silently, our articulation system (the mouth) is engaged, like in an inner speech

defined by Sascha Topolinski

Voluntary helpful behaviour that has positive consequences for other people

defined by Sarah Mayr

are a series of studies in which researchers ask people to list words associated with a particular subject and then rate the most frequently listed words for how central (or prototypical) they are to the subject, for example, if asked to list words associated with fruit, frequently appearing, centrally rated words might include: apple, orange, and banana; whereas, infrequent or non-central words might include: kiwi, star fruit, and kumquat

defined by Greg Strong

An early form of psychotherapy, it aims to increase a person’s “awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning”; such insights help free the person from “unconscious influences,” and as a result, problematic symptoms diminish (Gazzaniga et al., 2016, p. 656).

defined by Arash Emamzadeh

originating from the mind

defined by Ted Cascio

a positive emotional response and connection towards a person, place, or object

defined by Jenny C. Su

The internal discomfort people might experience when doing something against their beliefs or values. Psychological costs can mean to feel shame or guilt, or to doubt one’s positive self-image. Such costs can keep people from doing something immoral or undesirable, even when no one witnesses the behavior, to prevent feeling bad about oneself afterwards.

defined by Janina Steinmetz

a person’s overall mental condition

defined by Clay Routledge

those energy reserves that stem from psychological or mental states of the body, such as motivations, desires, and feelings of energization

defined by Shana Cole

an experience or situation that undermines psychological health and has the potential to lead to distress

defined by Clay Routledge

posttraumatic stress disorder, a mental health condition that can occur after a traumatic event like war, assault, or disaster; symptoms include disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance of memories of the event, etc.

defined by Jianqin Wang

Whereas commons dilemmas involve taking from a resource, public goods dilemmas involve giving to a resource. Environmental examples include: increased taxes to improve local recycling facilities, and voluntary contributions or time to preserve local wildlife. If an individual does not contribute, she may still free-ride and benefit from the public good, but if no one contributes, the resource will either fail to come into existence or fail to flourish. (See laboratory social dilemmas for a description of how this works experimentally.)

defined by Rachel New

Publication bias refers to the effect that the outcome of a study can influence the likelihood of being published. If only “positive”, statistically significant results are published in scientific journals and studies with negative and inconclusive results remain unknown, the overall strength of a finding is in doubt. One reason for publication bias might be that researchers forego to publish results that are not statistically significant, because they regard them as less interesting. Inconclusive results may also have a diminished chance to be accepted by scientific journals. Pre-registration of research has been proposed as one means to combat publication bias.

defined by Oliver Genschow

the stated likelihood that someone will buy a product in the future

defined by Ryan Elder